Difference between revisions of "Bound energy"

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Bound energy

Description

The bound energy change in a closed system is that part of the total energy change that is always bound to an exchange of heat,

dB = dU - dA [Eq. 1]

∆B = ∆H - ∆G [Eq. 2]

The free energy change (Helmoltz or Gibbs; dA or dG) is the total energy change (total inner energy or enthalpy, dU or dH) of a system minus the bound energy change.

Therefore, if a process occurs at equilibrium, when dG = 0 (at constant gas pressure), then dH = dB, and at d_eW = 0 (dH = d_eQ + d_eW; see energy) we obtain the definition of the bound energy as the heat change taking place in an equilibrium process (eq),

dB = T∙dS = d_eQ_eq [Eq. 3]

Abbreviation: B [J]

History

From Kubo 1976 North-Holland: "Free energy" is due to H. van Helmholtz (1882), and means that part of the internal energy that can be converted into work, as seen in the equation dF = dA for an isothermal quasi-static process. It was customary to call the remaining part, TdS, of the internal energy, dU = dF+TdS, the gebundene Energie (bound energy), but this is not so common now.

IUPAC: Helmholtz energy, A = U - TS [J]
http://www.eoht.info/page/On+the+Thermodynamics+of+Chemical+Processes 2018-12-27

The term bound energy helps to resolve one of the historic battles in thermodynamics [2].

References

Kubo R (1976) Thermodynamics. An advanced course with problems and solutions. North-Holland Amsterdam, New York. -
Gnaiger E (1994) Negative entropy for living systems: controversy between Nobel Laureates Schrödinger, Pauling and Perutz. In: What is Controlling Life? (Gnaiger E, Gellerich FN, Wyss M, eds) Modern Trends in BioThermoKinetics 3. Innsbruck Univ Press: 62-70. - »Bioblast link«

MitoPedia concepts: Ergodynamics

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{MitoPedia
 |abbr=''B'' [J]
-|description=The '''bound energy''' change in a closed system is that part of the energy change that is always bound to an exchange of heat,
+|description=The '''bound energy''' change in a closed system is that part of the ''total'' [[energy]] change that is always bound to an exchange of [[heat]],
-  ∆''B'' = ∆''U'' - ∆''A'' [Eq. 1]
+  d''B'' = d''U'' - d''A'' [Eq. 1]
   ∆''B'' = ∆''H'' - ∆''G'' [Eq. 2]
-The ''free'' energy change (Helmoltz or Gibbs; ∆''A'' or ∆''G'') is the ''total'' energy change (total inner energy or enthalpy, ∆''U'' or ∆''H'') of a system minus the ''bound'' energy change.
+The ''free'' energy change (Helmoltz or Gibbs; d''A'' or d''G'') is the ''total'' energy change (total inner energy or enthalpy, d''U'' or d''H'') of a system minus the ''bound'' energy change.
-Therefore, if a process occurs at equilibrium, when ∆''G'' = 0, then ∆''H'' = ∆''B'', and at ∆<sub>e</sub>''W'' = 0 (∆''H'' = ∆<sub>e</sub>''Q'' + ∆<sub>e</sub>''W''; see [[energy]]) we obtain the definition of the bound energy as the heat change taking place in an equilibrium process (eq),
+Therefore, if a process occurs at [[equilibrium]], when d''G'' = 0 (at constant gas pressure), then d''H'' = d''B'', and at d<sub>e</sub>''W'' = 0 (d''H'' = d<sub>e</sub>''Q'' + d<sub>e</sub>''W''; see [[energy]]) we obtain the definition of the bound energy as the heat change taking place in an equilibrium process (eq),
-  ∆''B'' = ''T''∙∆''S'' = ∆<sub>e</sub>''Q''<sub>eq</sub> [Eq. 3]
+  d''B'' = ''T''∙d''S'' = d<sub>e</sub>''Q''<sub>eq</sub> [Eq. 3]
-|info=== History ==
+|info
+}}
+== History ==
 ::::* From [[Kubo 1976 North-Holland]]: "Free energy" is due to H. van Helmholtz (1882), and means that part of the internal energy that can be converted into work, as seen in the equation d''F'' = d''A'' for an isothermal quasi-static process. It was customary to call the remaining part, ''T''d''S'', of the internal energy, d''U'' = d''F''+''T''d''S'', the ''gebundene Energie'' (bound energy), but this is not so common now.
 ::::::* IUPAC: Helmholtz energy, ''A'' = ''U'' - ''TS'' [J]
 ::::::* http://www.eoht.info/page/On+the+Thermodynamics+of+Chemical+Processes 2018-12-27
-::::* Recalling the term ''bound energy'' may resolve one of the historic battles in thermodynamics [2].
+::::* The term ''bound energy'' helps to resolve one of the historic battles in thermodynamics [2].
 == References ==
@@ Line 22: / Line 24: @@
 :::# Kubo R (1976) Thermodynamics. An advanced course with problems and solutions. North-Holland Amsterdam, New York. -
 :::# Gnaiger E (1994) Negative entropy for living systems: controversy between Nobel Laureates Schrödinger, Pauling and Perutz. In: What is Controlling Life? (Gnaiger E, Gellerich FN, Wyss M, eds) Modern Trends in BioThermoKinetics 3. Innsbruck Univ Press: 62-70. - [[Gnaiger 1994 BTK-62 |»Bioblast link«]]
-}}
 {{MitoPedia concepts
 |mitopedia concept=Ergodynamics
 }}
-{{MitoPedia methods}}
-{{MitoPedia O2k and high-resolution respirometry}}
-{{MitoPedia topics}}