Coenzyme Q

high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution

Coenzyme Q

Description

Coenzyme Q, redox system (oxidized ubiquinone, partially reduced semiquinone, fully reduced ubiquinol) of the ET-pathway.

More details » Q-junction.

Abbreviation: Q, CoQ

Reference: Gnaiger 2019 MitoPathways

Application in HRR

Q2 : Coenzyme Q2 (Sigma Aldrich, C8081, MW: 318.41; 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-geranyl-1,4-benzoquinone, Ubiquinone-2, oxidized form)

Caution: Light sensitive (store solution in a dark glass vial).

Preparation of 10 mM stock solution (dissolved in ethanol) (to run cyclic voltammetry)

1. Dissolve one commercial vial of Q2 (2 mg) Q2 in 628 µL 99.9% ethanol.
2. Divide into 50 µL aliquots in dark glass vials.
3. Store frozen at -20 °C.

Preparation of 1 mM stock solution (to measure the Q redox ratio)

1. Dilute 50 µL of the 10 mM stock with 450 µL 99.9% ethanol.
2. Divide into 50 µL aliquots in dark glass vials.
3. Store frozen at -20 °C.

O2k manual titrations MiPNet09.12 O2k-Titrations

Q redox ratio

• Titration volume: 2 µL of the 1 mM stock solution using a 10 µL syringe (2 mL O2k-Chamber).
• Final concentration: 1 µM

Cyclic voltammetry

• Titration volume: 6 µL of the 10 mM stock solution using a 10 µL syringe (2 mL O2k-Chamber).
• Final concentration: 30 µM

CoQ and mitObesity

Work in progress by Gnaiger E 2020-02-10 linked to a preprint in preparation on BME and mitObesity.

MitoPedia: mitObesity drugs

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Term	Abbreviation	Description
Aspirin		Aspirin is a widely applied drug that requires dosage adjusted to individual body mass. It is a non-selective COX inhibitor and exerts an effect on long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria.
Curcumin		Curcumin has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-coagulant and anti-infective effects. The protective effects of curcumin on rat heart mitochondrial injuries induced by in vitro anoxia–reoxygenation were evaluated by Xu et al 2013. It was found that curcumin added before anoxia or immediately prior to reoxygenation exhibited remarkable protective effects against anoxia–reoxygenation induced oxidative damage to mitochondria.
Elamipretide	Bendavia	Bendavia (Elamipretide) was developed as a mitochondria-targeted drug against degenerative diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical trials showed variable results. It is a cationic tetrapeptide which readily passes cell membranes, associates with cardiolipin in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment in the failing human heart.
Flavonoids		Flavonoids are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.
Melatonin	aMT	Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, aMT) is a highly conserved molecule present in unicellular to vertebrate organisms. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan in the pinealocytes by the pineal gland and also is produced in other organs, tissues and fluids (extrapineal melatonin). Melatonin has lipophilic and hydrophilic nature which allows it to cross biological membranes. Therefore, melatonin is present in all subcellular compartments predominantly in the nucleus and mitochondria. Melatonin has pleiotropic functions with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and oncostatic effects with a wide spectrum of action particularly at the level of mitochondria. » MiPNet article
Metformin		Metformin (dimethylbiguanide) is mainly known as an important antidiabetic drug which is effective, however, in a wide spectrum of degenerative diseases. It is an inhibitor of Complex I and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex.
Rapamycin		Rapamycin is an inhibitor of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin, complex 1 (mTORC1). Rapamycin induces autophagy and dyscouples mitochondrial respiration. Rapamycin delays senescence in human cells, and extends lifespan in mice without detrimental effects on mitochondrial fitness in skeletal muscle.
Resveratrol		Resveratrol is a natural bioactive phenol prouced by several plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary intake as nutraceutical is discussed for targeting mitochondria with a wide spectrum of action in degenerative diseases.
Spermidine		Spermidine is a polycationic bioactive polyamine mainly found in wheat germ, soybean and various vegetables, involved in the regulation of mitophagy, cell growth and cell death. Like other caloric restriction mimetics, spermidine is effective in cardioprotection, neuroprotection and anticancer immunosuppression by preserving mitochondrial function and control of autophagy.

Healthy reference population

Body mass excess

BFE

BME cutoffs

BMI

H

M

VO2max

mitObesity drugs

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Publications: Q

	Year	Reference	Organism	Tissue;cell	Stress	Diseases
Pallag 2022 Int J Mol Sci	2022	Pallag G, Nazarian S, Ravasz D, Bui D, Komlódi T, Doerrier C, Gnaiger E, Seyfried TN, Chinopoulos C (2022) Proline oxidation supports mitochondrial ATP production when Complex I is inhibited. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095111	Mouse	Liver Kidney	Hypoxia

MitoPedia concepts: MiP concept 

MitoPedia topics: Enzyme, Substrate and metabolite 

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MitoPedia:mitObesity drug 

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