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Malate

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Malate

Description

Malic acid

Malic acid, C4H6O5, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion malate2-, M, with pKa1 = 3.40 and pKa2 = 5.20. L-Malate is formed from fumarate in the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, where it is the substrate of malate dehydrogenase oxidized to oxaloacetate. Malate is also formed in the cytosol. It cannot permeate through the lipid bilayer of membranes and hence requires a carrier (dicarboxylate carrier, tricarboxylate carrier and 2-oxoglutarate carrier). Malate alone cannot support respiration of mt-preparations from most tissues, since oxaloacetate accumulates in the absence of pyruvate or glutamate. Malate is a type N substrate (N) required for the FAO-pathway. In the presence of anaplerotic pathways (e.g., mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME) FAO-pathway could be overestimated due to a contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see SUIT-002).

Abbreviation: M

Reference: Gnaiger 2014 MitoPathways



MitoPedia topics: Substrate and metabolite 


Application in HRR

M: Malate (L-Malic acid, C4H605); Sigma M 1000, 100 g, store at RT; FW = 134.1.

Preparation of 400 mM stock solution (dissolved in H2O):

1) Weigh 268.2 mg of L-malic acid.
2) Add 3 mL H2O.
3) Neutralize with 5 M KOH (approx. 350 µL).
4) Adjust final volume to 5 mL (in 5 mL volumetric glass flask).
5) Divide into 0.5 mL portions.
6) Store frozen at -20 °C.

O2k manual titrations >> MiPNet09.12 O2k-Titrations

  • Titration volume: 10 µL 400 mM using a 25 µL Hamilton syringe (2 mL O2k-Chamber).
  • Final concentration: 2.0 mM.

Preparation of 50 mM solution

1) dilute 0.625 mL of 400 mM stock solution with 4.375 ml of H2O (final volume 5 mL)
2) Divide into 0.250 mL portions.
3) Store frozen at -20 °C.

O2k manual titrations

  • Titration volume: 4 µL 50 mM using a 10 µL Hamilton syringe (2 mL O2k-Chamber).
  • Final concentration: 0.1 mM.


Bioblast wiki

Malate: 0.5 mM versus 2 mM in HRR

In mitochondrial preparations obtained from a diversity of tissues and organisms malate at concentrations >0.5 mM exerted an inhibitory effect on succinate-pathway (S-pathway) and NADH and S (NS-)pathway, whereas 0.5 mM malate was saturating for NADH (N-) linked respiration. Selection of an optimum malate concentration for SUIT protocols is a compromise. Current investigations point towards 2 mM malate. Sumbalova_2016a_Abstract_MitoFit_Science_Camp_2016

Comment: 800 mM stock until 2013-11-20 (for 2 mM final concentration); 400 mM stock (for 0.5 mM final concentration) in discussion since then.