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TermAbbreviationDescription
Interpolate pointsSelect Interpolate points in the Mark information window to interpolate all data points in the marked section of the active graph. See also Delete points and Restore points or Recalculate slope.
Intracellular oxygenpO2,iPhysiological, intracellular oxygen pressure is significantly lower than air saturation under normoxia, hence respiratory measurements carried out at air saturation are effectively hyperoxic for cultured cells and isolated mitochondria.
Intrinsic fluorophoresAn Intrinsic flourophore is a naturally occurring fluorophore of which NADH, aromatic amino acids and flavins are examples.
Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+
Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+.JPG

Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+: ISE with 6 mm outer diameter shaft, for Stopper\white PVDF\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port.

O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module: 2 ISE.

IonomycinImyIonomycin (Imy) is a ionophore used to raise intracellular [Ca2+].
Isocitrate
isocitrate

isocitrate, C6H5O7-3, is a tricarboxylic acid trianion, intermediate of the TCA cycle, obtained by isomerization of citrate. The process is catalyzed by aconitase, forming the enzyme-bound intermediate cis-aconitate.

Isocitrate dehydrogenaseIDHIsocitrate dehydrogenase forms 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate in the TCA cycle.
Isolated mitochondriaimtIsolated mitochondria, imt, are mitochondria separated from a tissue or cells by breaking the plasma membranes and attachments to the cytoskeleton, followed by centrifugation steps to separate the mitochondria from other components.
Isolated systemThe boundaries of isolated systems are impermeable for all forms of energy and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, e.g., internal entropy production, diS/dt, internal formation of chemical species i which is produced in a reaction r, dini/dt = drni/dt. In isolated systems some internal terms are restricted to zero by various conservation laws which rule out the production or destruction of the respective quantity.
IsomorphicThe term isomorphic refers to quantities which have identical or similar form, shape, or structure. In mathematics, an isomorphism defines a one-to-one correspondence between two mathematical sets. In ergodynamics, isomorphic quantities are defined by equations of identical form. If isomorphic quantities are not expressed in identical units, then these quantities are expressed in different formats which can be converted to identical untis. Example: electric force [V=J/C] and chemical force [Jol=J/mol] are ismorphic forces; the electrical format [J/C] can be converted to the chemical format [J/mol] by the Faraday constant. Units not only give meaning to the numerical value of a quantity, but units provide also an abbreviated common language to communicate and compare isomorphic quantities. In irreversible thermodynamics, isomorphic forces are referred to as generalized forces.
Japanese Society of Mitochondrial Research and MedicineJ-mit
J-mit.png

The Japanese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine (J-mit) was founded to share the latest knowledge on mitochondrial research. J-mit is the biggest Asian society of mitochondrial research and medicine and is a member of ASMRM.

JmaxJmaxJmax is the maximum pathway flux (e.g. oxygen flux) obtained at saturating substrate concentration. Jmax is a function of metabolic state. In hyperbolic ADP or oxygen kinetics, Jmax is calculated by extrapolation of the hyperbolic function, with good agreement between the calculated and directly measured fluxes, when substrate levels are >20 times the c50 or p50.
Journal indexingJournal indexing allows publications to be found on search tools/databases. Each database might have different criteria of inclusion.
Journal issueAn issue of a journal or periodical is a number, which typically indicates how many times a volume of the journal has been published in sequence.
Journal publicationIn most cases journal publication {Quote} will not be affected by posting a preprint. However, there are some publishers that do not consider papers that have already appeared online. We strongly recommend that you check all journals that you might submit to in advance {end of Quote}. A list of academic journals by preprint policy is available.
Journal volumeThe volume of a journal or periodical is a number, which in many cases indicates the sequential number of years the journal has been published. Alternatively, the volume number may indicate the current year, independent of the year in which the journal published its first volume. A volume may be subdivided into issues.
KelvinKThe kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380 649 × 10−23 when expressed in the unit J x-1 K−1.
Keyboard shortcuts - DatLabDatLab provides several keyboard shortcuts to allow for quick access to many functions and settings without using a mouse.
Keywords-MitoPedia in BECKeywords—MitoPedia is the concept to link keywords in articles published in Bioenergetics Communications (BEC) to MitoPedia terms. Authors should consider the message in the selected keywords. Provide consistent definitions of your keywords by linking them to MitoPedia. Extend MitoPedia entries critically by your contributions. The BEC editorial team will hyperlink your keywords with MitoPedia, and a reference to your BEC publication will be generated automatically from the MitoPedia term to your publication. With your contributions, BEC elevates keywords to terms with meaning. Your article gains visibility.
KilogramkgThe kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 × 10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of c and ΔνCs.
Korean Society of Mitochondrial Research and MedicineKSMRMThe Korean Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine (KSMRM) is a member of ASMRM.
Kynurenine hydroxylaseKynurenine hydroxylase (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Kynurenine hydroxylase catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-kynurenine + NADPH + H+ + O2 ↔ 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP+ + H2O Kynurenine hydroxylase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It employs one cofactor, FAD.
L/E coupling-control ratioL/ELEAK control ratio The L/E coupling-control ratio is the flux ratio of LEAK respiration over ET capacity, as determined by measurement of oxygen consumption in L and E sequentially. The L/E coupling-control ratio is an index of uncoupling or dyscoupling at constant ET-capacity. L/E increases with uncoupling from a theoretical minimum of 0.0 for a fully coupled system, to 1.0 for a fully uncoupled system.
L/P coupling-control ratioL/PL/P coupling-control ratio The L/P coupling-control ratio or LEAK/OXPHOS coupling-control ratio combines the effects of coupling (L/E) and limitation by the phosphorylation system (P/E); L/P = (L/E) / (P/E) = 1/RCR.
L/R coupling-control ratioL/RL/R coupling-control ratio The L/R coupling-control ratio or LEAK/ROUTINE coupling-control ratio combines the effects of coupling (L/E), physiological control of energy demand, and limitation by the OXPHOS capacity.
LEAK respirationLL.jpg EAK respiration or LEAK oxygen flux L compensating for proton leak, proton slip, cation cycling and electron leak, is a dissipative component of respiration which is not available for performing biochemical work and thus related to heat production. LEAK respiration is measured in the LEAK state, in the presence of reducing substrate(s), but absence of ADP - abbreviated as L(n) (theoretically, absence of inorganic phosphate presents an alternative), or after enzymatic inhibition of the phosphorylation system, which can be reached with the use of oligomycin - abbreviated as L(Omy). The LEAK state is the non-phosphorylating resting state of intrinsic uncoupled or dyscoupled respiration when oxygen flux is maintained mainly to compensate for the proton leak at a high chemiosmotic potential, when ATP synthase is not active. In this non-phosphorylating resting state, the electrochemical proton gradient is increased to a maximum, exerting feedback control by depressing oxygen flux to a level determined mainly by the proton leak and the H+/O2 ratio. In this state of maximum protonmotive force, LEAK respiration, L, is higher than the LEAK component of OXPHOS capacity, P. The conditions for measurement and expression of respiration vary (oxygen flux in the LEAK state, JO2L, or oxygen flow, IO2L). If these conditions are defined and remain consistent within a given context, then the simple symbol L for respiratory rate can be used as a substitute for the more explicit expression for respiratory activity. » MiPNet article
LEAK state with ATPL(T)L.jpg The LEAK state with ATP is obtained in mt-preparations without ATPase activity after ADP is maximally phosphorylated to ATP (State 4; Chance and Williams 1955) or after addition of high ATP in the absence of ADP (Gnaiger et al 2000). Respiration in the LEAK state with ATP, L(T), is distinguished from L(n) and L(Omy).
LEAK state with oligomycinL(Omy)L.jpg The LEAK state with oligomycin is a LEAK state induced by inhibition of ATP synthase by oligomycin. ADP and ATP may or may not be present. LEAK respiration with oligomycin, L(Omy), is distinguished from L(n) and L(T).
LEAK state without adenylatesL(n)L.jpg In the LEAK state without adenylates mitochondrial LEAK respiration, L(n) (n for no adenylates), is measured after addition of substrates, which decreases slowly to the LEAK state after oxidation of endogenous substrates with no adenylates. L(n) is distinguished from L(T) and L(Omy).
Laboratory titration sheetLaboratory titration sheet contains the sequential titrations in a specific Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol. The laboratory titration sheets for different SUIT protocols are incorporated in DatLab (DL7.1): Protocols in DatLab
Lactate dehydrogenaseLDHLactate dehydrogenase is a glycolytic marker enzyme in the cytosol, regenerating NAD+ from NADH and pyruvate, forming lactate.
Laner 2013 Mitochondr Physiol Network MiP2013
Latent mitochondrial dysfunctionThe concept on latent mitochondrial dysfunction presents the working hypothesis that the dynamic mitochondrial stress response provides a more sensitive and integrative marker for degenerative disease-related defects compared to acute mitochondrial dysfunction. The risk for developing a disease may be quantified in terms of a stress response, rather than a static pathophysiological state. Acute and latent mitochondrial dysfunction are studied at baseline and in response to a particular (e.g. oxidative) stress, using a mitochondrial stress resistance test.
Layout for DatLab graphsA Layout in DatLab selected in the Layout menu yields a standardized display of graphs and plots displayed with specific scalings. The graph layout defines initial settings, which can be modified for plots [Ctrl+F6] and scaling [F6]. A modified layout can be saved as user layout without changing the standard layouts.
Least squares methodThis method makes use of all of the data points of the spectrum in order to quantify a measured spectrum with a reference spectrum of known concentration using a least squares method to match the measured spectrum with the reference spectrum. The technique results in improved accuracy compared with the use of only a few characteristic wavelengths.
Lengthl [m]Length l is an SI base quantity with SI base unit meter m. Quantities derived from length are area A [m2] and volume V [m3]. Length is an extensive quantity, increasing additively with the number of objects. The term 'height' h is used for length in cases of vertical position (see height of humans). Length of height per object, LUX [m·x-1] is length per unit-entity UX, in contrast to lentgth of a system, which may contain one or many entities, such as the length of a pipeline assembled from a number NX of individual pipes. Length is a quantity linked to direct sensory, practical experience, as reflected in terms related to length: long/short (height: tall/small). Terms such as 'long/short distance' are then used by analogy in the context of the more abstract quantity time (long/short duration).
Level flowEE.jpg Level flow is a steady state of a system with an input process coupled to an output process (coupled system), in which the output force is zero. Clearly, energy must be expended to maintain level flow, even though output is zero (Caplan and Essig 1983; referring to zero output force, while output flow may be maximum).
Light sourceA variety of light sources are available for fluorometry and spectrophotometry. These include deuterium, mercury and xenon arc lamps and quartz halogen bulbs dependent upon the wavelengths required. However, the advent of light emitting diodes has greatly increased the possibilities for the application of fluorometry and spectrophotometry to areas that were previously not practicable, and at a much reduced cost.
Light-emitting diodeLEDA light-emitting diode (LED) is a light source (semiconductor), used in many every-day applications and specifically in fluorometry. LEDs are available for specific spectral ranges across wavelengths in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
Light-enhanced dark respirationLEDRLight-enhanced dark respiration LEDR is a sharp (negative) maximum of dark respiration in plants in response to illumination, measured immediately after switching off the light. LEDR is supported by respiratory substrates produced during photosynthesis and closely reflects light-enhanced photorespiration (Xue et al 1996). Based on this assumption, the total photosynthetic oxygen flux TP is calculated as the sum of the measured net photosynthetic oxygen flux NP plus the absolute value of LEDR.
LightguidesLightguides consist of optical fibres (either single or in bundles) that can be used to transmit light to a sample from a remote light source and similarly receive light from a sample and transmit it to a remote detector. They have greatly contributed to the range of applications that for which optical methods can be applied. This is particularly true in the fields of medicine and biology.
Limiting oxygen pressureplThe limiting oxygen pressure, pl, is defined as the partial oxygen pressure, pO2, below which anaerobic catabolism is activated to contribute to total ATP generation. The limiting oxygen pressure, pl, may be substantially lower than the critical oxygen pressure, pc, below which aerobic catabolism (respiration or oxygen consumption) declines significantly.
Limiting pO2plimIn the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, there is a limiting pO2, plim, below which anaerobic energy flux is switched on and CR ratios become more exothermic than the oxycaloric equivalent. plim may be significanlty below the critical pO2.
Linear phenomenological lawsLinear phenomenological laws are at the core of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes TIP, considered to apply near equilibrium but more generally in transport processes (e.g. Fick's law). In TIP, linearity is discussed as the dependence of generalized flows I or fluxes J on generalized forces, J = -L·F, where L is expected to be constant (as a prerequisite for linearity) and must not be a function of the force F (affinity) for Onsager reciprocity to apply. This paradigm is challenged by the ergodynamic concept of fundamentally non-linear isomorphic flux-force relations and is replaced by the generalized isomorphic flux-pressure relations. Flows I [MU·s-1] and forces F [J·MU-1] are conjugated pairs, the product of which yields power, I·F = P [J·s-1 = W]. Flux J is system-size specific flow, such that volume-specific flux times force yields volume-specific power, PV = J·F [W·m-3]. Then vectoral and vectorial transport processes are inherently non-linear flux-force relationships, with L = u·c in continuous transport processes along a gradient (c is the local concentration), or L = u·α (α is the free activity in a discontinuous transport process across a semipermeable membrane) — formally not different from (isomorphic to) scalar chemical reactions.
LinearityLinearity is the ability of the method to produce test results that are proportional, either directly or by a well-defined mathematical transformation, to the concentration of the analyte in samples within a given range. This property is inherent in the Beer-Lambert law for absorbance alone, but deviations occur in scattering media. It is also a property of fluorescence, but a fluorophore may not exhibit linearity, particularly over a large range of concentrations.
Liver mitochondria purificationArmstrong 2010 J Comp Physiol B: This paper describes a method for purification of rodent liver mitochdondria using relatively low-speed centrifugation through discontinuous Percoll gradients.
Living CommunicationsLCWith Living Communications, Bioenergetics Communications (BEC) takes the next step from pre-print to re-print. The concept of Living Communications pursues a novel culture of scientific communication, addressing the conflict between long-term elaboration and validation of results versus sharing without delay improved methods and preliminary findings. Following the preprint concept, updates may be posted on the BEC website of the resource publication. Updated versions of Living Communications are submitted for Open Peer Review with full traceability. In contrast to static papers, evolution of Living Communications is more resourceful and efficient than a ‘new’ publication. Living Communications provide a pathway along the scientific culture of lively debate towards tested and trusted milestones of research, from pre-print to re-print, from initial steps to next steps.
Living cellsceCell viability in living cells should be >95 % for various experimental investigations, including cell respirometry. Viable cells (vce) are characterized by an intact plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (Nce) is the sum of viable cells (Nvce) and dead cells (Ndce). In contrast, the plasma membrane can be permeabilized selectively by mild detergents (digitonin), to obtain the mt-preparation of permeabilized cells used for cell ergometry. Living cells are frequently labelled as intact cells in the sense of the total cell count, but intact may suggest dual meanings of viable or unaffected by a disease or mitochondrial injury.
Loe 2013 PLOS ONE
Lower O2 limit - DatLabA Lower O2 limit [µM] can be defined for each O2k-chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O2 concentration drops below this limit. It reminds the user that re-oxygenation of the O2k-chamber may be required. For the lower O2 concentration limit, the critical oxygen concentration should be considered, which differs between isolated mitochondria, large cells, and permeabilized muscle fibers. A higher limit should be chosen when high oxygen flux is expected, e.g. prior to uncoupler titration. A lower limit is acceptable prior to inhibition of respiration causing low oxygen flux.
LuminescenceLuminescence is spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment (IUPC definition). An alternative definition is "Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat." Luminescence comprises many different pehnomena. Luminescence from direct photoexcitation of the emitting species is called photoluminescence. Both fluorescence and phosphorescence are forms of photoluminescence. In biomedical research also forms of chemiluminescence (e.g.the luciferin reaction) are used. In chemiluminescence the emission of radiation results from a chemical reaction. For other forms of luminescence see the IUPAC Gold Book.
MITOEAGLE in MitoGlobalMitoEAGLE
MITOEAGLE-representation.jpg

The objective of the MitoEAGLE network is to improve our knowledge on mitochondrial function in health and disease related to Evolution, Age, Gender, Lifestyle and Environment.

Magnesium GreenMgGMagnesium Green (MgG) is an extrinsic fluorophore that fluoresces when bound to Mg2+ and is used for measuring mitochondrial ATP production by mitochondrial preparations. Determination of mitochondrial ATP production is based on the different dissociation constants of Mg2+ for ADP and ATP, and the exchange of one ATP for one ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). Using the dissociation constants for ADP-Mg2+ and ATP-Mg2+ and initial concentrations of ADP, ATP and Mg2+, the change in ATP concentration in the medium is calculated, which reflects mitochondrial ATP production.
MalateM
Malic acid

Malic acid, C4H6O5, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion malate2-, M, with pKa1 = 3.40 and pKa2 = 5.20. L-Malate is formed from fumarate in the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, where it is the substrate of malate dehydrogenase oxidized to oxaloacetate. Malate is also formed in the cytosol. It cannot permeate through the lipid bilayer of membranes and hence requires a carrier (dicarboxylate carrier, tricarboxylate carrier and 2-oxoglutarate carrier). Malate alone cannot support respiration of mt-preparations from most tissues, since oxaloacetate accumulates in the absence of pyruvate or glutamate. Malate is a type N substrate (N) required for the FAO-pathway. In the presence of anaplerotic pathways (e.g., mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME) the capacity of the FAO-pathway can be overestimated due to a contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see SUIT-002).

Malate dehydrogenasemtMDHMitochondrial malate dehydrogenase is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidizes malate, generated from fumarate by fumarase, to oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH+H+ in the TCA cycle. Malate is added as a substrate in most N-pathway control states.
Malate transport

Carriers for malate:

Malate-anaplerotic pathway control stateM
M

M: Malate alone does not support respiration of mt-preparations if oxaloacetate cannot be metabolized further in the absence of a source of acetyl-CoA. Transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mt-membrane is restricted particularly in liver. Mitochondrial citrate and 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) are depleted by antiport with malate. Succinate is lost from the mitochondria through the dicarboxylate carrier. OXPHOS capacity with malate alone is only 1.3% of that with Pyruvate&Malate in isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, many mammalian and non-mammalian mitochondria have a mt-isoform of NADP+- or NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (mtME), the latter being particularly active in proliferating cells. Then the anaplerotic pathway control state with malate alone (aN) supports high respiratory activities comparable to the NADH-linked pathway control states (N) with pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate substrate combinations (PM-pathway control state, GM-pathway control state).

Malate-aspartate shuttleThe malate-aspartate shuttle involves the glutamate-aspartate carrier and the 2-oxoglutarate carrier exchanging malate2- for 2-oxoglutarate2-. Cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and transaminase complete the shuttle for the transport of cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney.
Malic enzymemtME

Malic enzyme (ME; EC 1.1.1.40) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate with the concomitant reduction of the dinucleotide cofactor NAD+ or NADP+ and a requirement for divalent cations (Mg2+ or Mn2+) as cofactors.

NAD(P)+ + L-malate2- <--> NAD(P)H + pyruvate- + CO2

Three groups of ME are distinguished (i) NAD+- and (ii) NADP+-dependent ME specific for NAD+ or NADP+, respectively, and (iii) NAD(P)+- dependent ME with dual specificity for NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactor. Three isoforms of ME have been identified in mammals: cytosolic NADP+-dependent ME (cNADP-ME or ME1), mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent ME (mtNAD-ME or ME2; with NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactor, preference for NAD+ under physiological conditions), and mitochondrial NADP+-dependent ME (mtNADP-ME or ME3). mtNAD-ME plays an important role in anaplerosis when glucose is limiting, particularly in heart and skeletal muscle. Tartronic acid (hydroxymalonic acid) is an inhibitor of ME.

MalonateMnaMalonate (malonic acid) is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II). Malonate is a substrate of malonyl-CoA synthase.
Malonyl-CoA synthaseMalonyl-CoA synthase or ACSF3 protein is a mitochondrial fatty-acyl-CoA synthase found in mammals. Traditionally, malonyl-CoA is formed from acetyl-CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. However, Witkowski et al (2011) showed that mammals express malonyl-CoA Synthase (ACSF3) with enzymatic activity in the presence of malonate (Complex II inhibitor) and methylmalonate.
Manage setups and templates - DatLabSetups and templates in DatLab can be renamed or deleted under Manage setups or Manage templates.
Manuscript template for MitoFit PreprintsManuscripts template for MitoFit Preprints and Bioenergetics Communications.
Mark informationMarks» See Marks - DatLab
Mark specifications - DatLabThe function Mark specifications is largely replaced by SUIT DL-Protocols and Instrumental DL-Protocols in DatLab 7.4. Mark specifications allow the user to rename Marks in the active plot and save/recall the settings. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks.
Mark statistics - DatLabF2In Mark statistics one Plot is selected as a source for Marks over sections of time. Values (e.g. medians) are displayed for these time sections of the source plot and of all selected plots.
Marks - DatLabMarks in DatLab define sections of a plot recorded over time. Marks are set by the user in real-time, or post-experimentally for basic level data analysis. Set Marks to obtain the median, average, standard deviation, outlier index and range of the data within the mark, for calibration of the oxygen signal, flux analysis, or to delete marked data points. Marks are shown by a horizontal bar in the active plot. The default Mark names are given automatically in numerical sequence, independent for each plot. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks.Several marks can be set on any plot, but marks cannot overlap within a plot and are separated by one or more data points which are not marked.
Matrix-ETSmatrix-ETSThe component of the electron transfer system located in the mitochondrial matrix (matrix-ETS) is distringuished from the ETS bound to the mt-inner membrane (membrane-ETS). Electron transfer and corresponding OXPHOS capacities are classically studied in mitochondrial preparations as oxygen consumption supported by various fuel substrates undergoing partial oxidation in the mt-matrix, such as pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others.
Measurement processA measurement process or a measurement is a set of operations to determine the value of a quantity.
Measuring equipmentA measuring equipment is a measuring instrument, software, measurement standard, reference material or auxiliary apparatus, or a combination thereof, necessary to realize a measurement process.
Medical deviceA medical device is an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory which is (1) intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or (2) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes.
MelatoninaMTMelatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, aMT) is a highly conserved molecule present in unicellular to vertebrate organisms. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan in the pinealocytes by the pineal gland and also is produced in other organs, tissues and fluids (extrapineal melatonin). Melatonin has lipophilic and hydrophilic nature which allows it to cross biological membranes. Therefore, melatonin is present in all subcellular compartments predominantly in the nucleus and mitochondria. Melatonin has pleiotropic functions with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and oncostatic effects with a wide spectrum of action particularly at the level of mitochondria. » MiPNet article
Membrane-bound ET pathwaymET-pathwayThe membrane-bound electron transfer pathway (mET pathway) consists in mitochondria mainly of respiratory complexes CI, CII, electron transferring flavoprotein complex (CETF), glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex (CGpDH), and choline dehydrogenase, with convergent electron flow at the Q-junction (Coenzyme Q), and the two downstream respiratory complexes connected by cytochrome c, CIII and CIV, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor. The mET-pathway is the terminal (downstream) module of the mitochondrial ET pathway and can be isolated from the ET-pathway in submitochondrial particles (SmtP).
MersalylMersalyl (C13H17HgNO6) is an inhibitor of the Pi symporter.
Metabolic control analysis

Metabolic control analysis is a science focused on the understanding of metabolic regulation and control. In metabolism, the reductionist approach has allowed us to know which enzymes, metabolites and genes are involved in a metabolic pathway but this is not enough to understand how it is controlled, resulting in poor results from attempts to increase the rates of selected metabolic pathways. The control of the metabolism is the capacity to alter the metabolic state in response to an external signal. With this definition in mind, we will assess the metabolic control in terms of the strength of any of the responses to the external factor without making the assumption about the function or purpose of that response[1].

Bibliography:

1. David Fell. Frontiers in metabolism 2. Understanding the control of metabolism. Portland Press. 1997.
Metabolic control variableXA metabolic control variable X causes the transition between a background state Y (background rate YX) and a reference state Z (reference rate ZX). X may be a stimulator or activator of flux, inducing the step change from background to reference steady state (Y to Z). Alternatively, X may be an inhibitor of flux, absent in the reference state but present in the background state (step change from Z to Y).
MetermThe meter, symbol m, is the SI unit of the SI base quantity length l. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light c in vacuum to be 299 792 458 when expressed in the unit m·s−1, where the second is defined in terms of the caesium frequency ΔνCs.
MetforminMetformin (dimethylbiguanide) is mainly known as an important antidiabetic drug which is effective, however, in a wide spectrum of degenerative diseases. It is an inhibitor of Complex I and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex.
Methylmalonic acidMmaMethylmalonic acid (Mma) is a common intermediate in many catabolic processes. In methylmalonic acidemia mitochondrial dysfunction can be observed, related to accumulation of Mma and associated with neurological symptoms.
MetrologyMetrology is the science of measurement, including all aspects both theoretical and practical with reference to measurements, whatever their uncertainty, and in whatever fields of science or technology they occur [SOURCE: VIM:1993, 2.2].
MiP-CollectionMiP-Collection

Mitochondrial Physiology - Historical Collection

Aims

The growing MiP-Collection aims at preserving scientific instruments that are of historical importance in the field of bioenergetics and mitochondrial physiology. The fast turnover of scientific equipment makes obsolete even comparatively recent instrumentation. The Oroboros O2k was the first commercial mitochondrial respirometer using a computer for data acquisition. Today, chart recorders are nearly forgotten. Due to limitations of storage space, unused scientific equipment is disposed of, despite its potential historical value. The disposal of some unique apparatus constitutes an irreversible loss to science and society, and to the continued appreciation of the foundations of our scientific discipline.

You may consider to make items of scientific historical interest in mitochondrial physiology available to the MiP-Collection. These items of the MiP-Collection may specifically include historically valuable

  • equipment and accessories,
  • books and symposium proceedings,
  • reprint collections,
  • pictures, slides, documents.
MiP03MiP03Mitochondrial Preservation Medium, MiP03, developed for preservation of isolated mitochondria.
MiPMapMiPMap
MiPMap

The project Mitochondrial Physiology Map (MiPMap) is initiated to provide an overview of mitochondrial properties in cell types, tissues and species. As part of Bioblast, MiPMap may be considered as an information synthase for Comparative Mitochondrial Physiology. Establishing a comprehensive database will require global input and cooperation.

A comparative database of mitochondrial physiology may provide the key for understanding the functional implications of mitochondrial diversity from mouse to man, and evaluation of altered mitochondrial respiratory control patterns in health and disease (Gnaiger 2009).

MiPNet-PublicationMiPNetMiPNet is the abbreviation for the OROBOROS Journal Mitochondrial Physiology Network, including chapters of the O2k-Manual, O2k-Procedures, O2k-Workshops, and other announcements, starting with MiPNet 01 in 1996. See also »MiPNet.
MiPSocietyMiP
MiPsociety

The Mitochondrial Physiology Society (MiP) has been founded to organize MiPconferences, MiPschools, and MiPworkshops worldwide. MiP has been founded at the Third Conference on Mitochondrial Physiology (MiP2003, Schroecken, Austria). The MiPsociety is an international organization, based in Europe and operating world-wide.

MiR05MiR05Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiR05, developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations. Respiration of living cells may be assessed in MiR05 by adding pyruvate (P) as an external source. MiR06 = MiR05 + catalase. MiR05Cr = MiR05 + creatine.
MiR05-Kit
MiR05-Kit.jpg

Mitochondrial Respiration Medium - MiR05-Kit, 1 vial; for a final volume of 250 mL

MiR05CrMiR05Cr

Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiR05Cr, developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations - permeabilized muscle fibers.

MiR05Cr = MiR05 + 20 mM creatine.

MiR06MiR06Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiR06, developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations. MiR06 = MiR05 plus catalase. MiR06Cr = MiR06 plus creatine.
MiR06CrMiR06Cr

Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiR06Cr, developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations - permeabilized muscle fibers.

MiR06Cr = MiR06 + 20 mM creatine.

MiRK03MiRK03Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiRK03, modified after a medium described by Komary 2010 Biochim Biophys Acta, intended for use as medium for H2O2 production measurement with Amplex Red.
Microbalance 120 g
Microbalance 120 g.jpg

Microbalance max 120 g; 0.01 mg display; particularly for wet weight determination of permeabilized fibres.

Microbalance-Transport Case
Microbalance-Transport Case.jpg

Microbalance transport case, not suitable for shipping

MicroplatesMicroplate readers allow large numbers of sample reactions to be assayed in well format microtitre plates. The most common microplate format used in academic research laboratories or clinical diagnostic laboratories is 96-well (8 by 12 matrix) with a typical reaction volume between 100 and 200 µL per well. a wide range of applications involve the use of fluorescence measurements , although they can also be used in conjunction with absorbance measurements.
Microsyringe\10 mm3 51/0.13 mm
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Hamilton Microsyringe\10 mm3 51/0.13 mm for manual titrations, 10 mm3 volume; fixed injection needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.13 mm inner diameter.

Microsyringe\100 mm3 51/0.41 mm
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Hamilton Microsyringe\100 mm3 51/0.41 mm for manual titrations, 100 mm3 volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.41 mm inner diameter. It is recommended for injections of suspensions of isolated mitochondria.

Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k
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Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k: Microinjection syringe for Titration-Injection microPump, 200 mm3 (µl), fixed injection needle with rounded tip, with spacers.

Microsyringe\25 mm3 51/0.15 mm
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Hamilton Microsyringe\25 mm3 51/0.15 mm for manual titrations, 25 mm3 volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.15 mm inner diameter.

Microsyringe\50 mm3 51/0.15 mm
Microsyringe 100 mm3 51 0.41 mm - Kopie.JPG

Hamilton Microsyringe\50 mm3 51/0.15 mm for manual titrations, 50 mm3 volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.15 mm inner diameter.

Microsyringe\500 mm3\TIP2k
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Microsyringe\500 mm3\TIP2k: Microinjection syringe for Titration-Injection microPump, 500 mm3 (µl), fixed injection needle with rounded tip, with spacers.

MicroxiamicroxMicroxia (deep hypoxia) is obtained when trace amounts of O2 exert a stimulatory effect on respiration above the level where metabolism is switched to a purely anaerobic mode.
MitObesity drugsBioactive mitObesity compounds are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria.
MitoActionMitoActionMitoAction.JPGThe mission of MitoAction is to improve quality of life for all who are affected by mitochondrial disorders through support, education and advocacy initiatives.
MitoCanada FoundationmitoCanada
MitoCanada

The MitoCanada Foundation.

The MitoCanada Foundation is Canada’s only not-for-profit organization focused on mitochondrial disease. Since its founding in 2010, MitoCanada has dedicated over $1 million to fund the work of leading Canadian scientists and to support national awareness and support programs.

The MitoCanada Foundation is committed to ensuring that those who live with mitochondrial disease are able to enjoy the best possible quality of life until there is a cure.

MitoFit DOI Data CenterMitoFit DOI DCThe MitoFit DOI Data Center is responsible for the provision of digital identifiers, for the storage and ensuring the persistence of the scientific objects, the provision of access, review process and maintenance of the Metadata, and quality control.
MitoFit PreprintsMitoFit Prep
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MitoFit Preprints is an Open Access preprint server for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics.

MitoFit protocolsMitoFit protocols are moderated by the MitoFit moderators (MitoFit team), either as protocols with direct reference to publications available to the scientific communicty, or protocols additionally described and made available in Bioblast with full information on authors (including contact details), author contributions, and editor (moderator) in charge. This aims at a comprehensive MitoFit data repository, which will require global input and cooperation.
MitoFit registered projectMitoFit-RPMitoFit registered projects are announced with reference to MitoFit protocols as publicly deposited protocols. Project registration is a two-phase process. Guidelines will be defined. (1) Pre-registration of a project requires submission to a MitoFit moderator (editor), including protocol details with reference to MitoPedia protocols, or with submission of protocols for publication (Open Access) in MitoPedia. The MitoFit (Bioblast) editors will edit the submitted protocols (layout) and insert into Bioblast submitted pre-registrations and protocols. (2) MitoFit moderators (editors) will set up a MitoFit accreditation panel, in which the registrant will be included (perhaps not in the long run, to avoid conflict of interests) and/or for which the registrant can suggest delegates (compare peer review). Accredited MitoFit protocols are labelled as MitoFit accredited, and the pre-registered MitoFit project becomes labelled and listed as MitoFit registered project (MitoFit accredited). This is possible before (advance registration), during progress, and after completion of a study (post-registration). A MitoFit registered project receives a code for feeding data into the MitoFit data repository.
MitoGlobalPlayer invitation
MitoKit-CII
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Cell permeable prodrugs, composed of MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv and MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv, stimulates (Snv) or inhibits (Mnanv) mitochondrial respiration in CI-deficient human blood cells, fibroblasts and heart fibres, acting on Complex II of the electron transfer system.

MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nvMnanvMitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv (diacetoxymethyl malonate) is a plasma membrane-permeable prodrug (permeable malonate; Mnanv) that diffuses across the plasma membrane. Cleavage of diacetoxymethyl groups is mediated by intracellular esterases, thus releasing malonate in the intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-161-s2
MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nvSnvMitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv (diacetoxymethyl succinate) is a plasma membrane-permeable prodrug (permeable succinate; Snv) that diffuses across the plasma membrane. Cleavage of diacetoxymethyl groups is mediated by intracellular esterases, thus releasing succinate in the intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-118-s4
MitoOx1MitoOx1Mitochondrial respiration medium, MitoOx1, used by the Budapest groups for respirometry und Amplex Red trials.
MitoOx2MitoOx2Mitochondrial respiration medium, MitoOx2, developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations to measure the H2O2 production. MitoOx2 yields a higher optical sensitivity and lower "drift" (oxidation of the fluorophore precurcor without H2O2 present) for Amplex UltraRed(R) than e.g. MiR05.
MitoPedia
MitoPedia
MitoPedia: Concepts and methods
MitoPedia: DatLab
MitoPedia: Enzymes
MitoPedia: Ergodynamics
MitoPedia: Fluorometry
MitoPedia: Gentle Science
MitoPedia: Inhibitors
MitoPedia: Media for respirometry
MitoPedia: MiP and biochemistry
MitoPedia: MiP concepts
MitoPedia: O2k hardware
MitoPedia: Oroboros QM
MitoPedia: Permeabilization agents
MitoPedia: Preprints and history
MitoPedia: Respiratory control ratios
MitoPedia: Respiratory states
MitoPedia: Respirometry
MitoPedia: SUIT A
MitoPedia: SUIT B
MitoPedia: SUIT C
MitoPedia: Sample preparations
MitoPedia: Spectrophotometry
MitoPedia: Substrates and metabolites
MitoPedia: Uncouplers
MitoSOX

MitoSOXTM is the version of the hydroetidine designed to target mitochondria in live cells for the detection of superoxide (O2•-). The oxidation of the compound by O2•- is easily detected in the red spectrum. One of the advantages of MitoSOXTM is its selectivity for O2•- but not for other reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species.

• Readily oxidized by superoxide but not by other ROS- or RNS-generating systems
Absorption/emission maxima: ~510/580 nm
• Use for live cell imaging
• Rapidly and selectively targeted to the mitochondria


MitoSOXTM has been widely used in life cell imaging but it is not free of problems and should be used cautiously. For example, it has been highlighted that the use of potentiometric dyes which accumulates into the mitochondria due to its moiety with Tetraphenylphosphonium, confers a membrane potential sensitivity that creates a series of artifacts and problems not often considered.

MitochondriamtMitochondria (Greek mitos: thread; chondros: granule) are small structures within cells, which function in cell respiration as powerhouses or batteries. Mitochondria belong to the bioblasts of Richard Altmann. Abbreviation: mt, as generally used in mtDNA. Singular: mitochondrion (bioblast); plural: mitochondria (bioblasts).
Mitochondria Interest GroupMIG


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The Mitochondria Interest Group (MIG) is an Inter-Institute Interest Group at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), with members worldwide! MIG is concerned with all aspects of the mitochondrion and diseases in which the mitochondrion is involved. We hold monthly meetings, usually on the second Monday of the month (except when it is a Federal holiday or other special exceptions).

MITOCHONDRIA-L@LIST.NIH.GOV is an Email list moderated by Ph.D. Steven Zullo as an interactive information platform, with free subscritpion to this mitochondrial network. List members are reminded of their responsibility to critically evaluate the content of the postings. The information, opinions, data, and statements contained herein are not necessarily those of the U. S. Government, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), or MIG and should not be interpreted, acted on or represented as such.

Mitochondria Research SocietyMRS
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The Mitochondria Research Society (MRS) is a nonprofit international organization of scientists and physicians. The purpose of MRS is to find a cure for mitochondrial diseases by promoting research on basic science of mitochondria, mitochondrial pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment through out the world.

Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Developmenthansonwade
Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Development

The Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Development Summit was first established in 2021, as an online conference. Due to its success and unmatched focus, the 2nd edition returns to Boston this March 2022. This is the only industry-led meeting that unites key stakeholders under a mutual and ambitious objective of accelerating the discovery and development of novel drugs that target mitochondrial functions for chronic, primary mitochondrial diseases, muscular dystrophy, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Join our speakers from GenSight Biologics, Abliva, Reneo Pharma, Mito BioPharma, Mitokinin and more with exciting networking opportunities, panel discussions and dedicated roundtables.

Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channelmtKATPThe mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel (mtKATP or mitoKATP).
Mitochondrial European Education TrainingMEET
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The Mitochondrial European Education Training (MEET)

MEET is a project started on January 2013. MEET network is composed by a multi-partner project that intends to mobilize the critical mass of expertise, by linking partners from 8 different countries, among which 8 world-leading basic science and clinical centers of excellence, an 1 SME with direct interest in mitochondrial medicine and 3 associated partners that provide for all trainees no-scientific training. MEET is training 11 ESRs and 3 ERs coming from all over the world supervised in their research by 15 mentors and by their collaborators. MEET combine the efforts of leading clinicians with those of more basic oriented groups and will have important implications for the comprehension and treatment of mitochondria-related pathologies.

Mitochondrial Medicine SocietyMMS
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The Mitochondrial Medicine Society (MMS) was founded in 2000 and represents an international group of physicians, researchers and clinicians working towards the better diagnosis, management, and treatment of mitochondrial diseases.

Mitochondrial Physiology NetworkMitochondr physiol network, MiPNetThe Mitochondrial Physiology Network is the on-line Oroboros journal.
Mitochondrial Research Guild
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The Mitochondrial Research Guild is a special interest guild of Seattle Children's Hospital. The guild was founded by a group of families in the Seattle area that are working together to raise awareness, promote research, and improve the quality of medical care that is available to children that are dealing with the devastating and potentially life threatening effects of mitochondrial disease.

Mitochondrial competencemt-competence; MitoCom

Mitochondrial metabolic competence is the organelle's capacity to provide adequate amounts of ATP in due time, by adjusting the mt-membrane potential, mt-redox states and the ATP/ADP ratio according to the metabolic requirements of the cell.

The term mitochondrial competence is also known in a genetic context: Mammalian mitochondria possess a natural competence for DNA import.

MitoCom_O2k-Fluorometer is a Mitochondrial Competence network, the nucleus of which is formed by the K-Regio project MitoCom Tyrol.

Mitochondrial concentrationCmtEMitochondrial concentration is CmtE = mtE·V-1 [mtEU·m-3]. mt-Concentration is an experimental variable, dependent on sample concentration.
Mitochondrial contentmtENXMitochondrial content per object X is mtENX = mtE·NX-1 [mtEU·x-1].
Mitochondrial densityDmtESpecific mitochondrial density is DmtE = mtE·mX-1 [mtEU·kg-1]. If the amount of mitochondria, mtE, is expressed as mitochondrial mass, then DmtE is the mass fraction of mitochondria in the sample. If mtE is expressed as mitochondrial volume, Vmt, and the mass of sample, mX, is replaced by volume of sample, VX, then DmtE is the volume fraction of mitochondria in the sample.
Mitochondrial free radical theory of agingMFRTAThe mitochondrial free radical theory of aging goes back to Harman (1956) and ranks among the most popular theories of aging. It is based on postulates which are not unequivocally supported by observation (Bratic, Larsson 2013): (i) Mitochondrial ROS production increases with age caused by progressive mitochondrial dysfunction; (ii) antioxidat capacity declines with age; (iii) mutations of somatic mtDNA accumulate during aging; (iv) a vicious cycle occurs of increased ROS production caused by mtDNA mutations and degenerated mt-function, and due to ROS-induced ROS production.
Mitochondrial inner membranemtIMThe mitochondrial inner membrane mtIM is the structure harboring the membrane-bound electron transfer system ETS including the respiratory complexes working as hydrogen ion pumps, the mt-phosphorylation system including the hydrogen ion pump ATP synthase, several substrate transporters involved in the electron transfer pathway, and a variety of other ion pumps that carry proton charge (Ca2+, Mg2+). The protonmotive force is the electrochemical potential difference across the mtIM generated by the hydrogen ion pumps of the .
Mitochondrial markermt-markerMitochondrial markers are structural or functional properties that are specific for mitochondria. A structural mt-marker is the area of the inner mt-membrane or mt-volume determined stereologically, which has its limitations due to different states of swelling. If mt-area is determined by electron microscopy, the statistical challenge has to be met to convert area into a volume. When fluorescent dyes are used as mt-marker, distinction is necessary between mt-membrane potential dependent and independent dyes. mtDNA or cardiolipin content may be considered as a mt-marker. Mitochondrial marker enzymes may be determined as molecular (amount of protein) or functional properties (enzyme activities). Respiratory capacity in a defined respiratory state of a mt-preparation can be considered as a functional mt-marker, in which case respiration in other respiratory states is expressed as flux control ratios. » MiPNet article
Mitochondrial marker enzymesMitochondrial marker enzymes are enzymes that are specifically present in mitochondria, in the mt-matrix, the inner mt-membrane, the inter-membrane space, or the outer mt-membrane.
Mitochondrial matrixmt-matrixThe mitochondrial matrix (mt-matrix) is enclosed by the mt-inner membrane mtIM. The terms mitochondrial matrix space or mitochondrial lumen are used synonymously. The mt-matrix contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation and a variety of enzymes that have cytosolic counterparts (e.g. glutamate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme). Metabolite concentrations, such as the concentrations of fuel substrates, adenylates (ATP, ADP, AMP) and redox systems (NADH), can be very different in the mt-matrix, the mt-intermembrane space, and the cytosol. The finestructure of the gel-like mt-matrix is subject of current research.
Mitochondrial membrane potentialmtMP, ΔΨp+, ΔelFep+ [V]

The mitochondrial membrane potential difference, mtMP or ΔΨp+ = ΔelFep+, is the electric part of the protonmotive force, Δp = ΔmFeH+.

ΔelFep+ = ΔmFeH+ - ΔdFeH+
ΔΨp+ = Δp - ΔµH+·(zH+·F)-1

ΔΨp+ is the potential difference across the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM), expressed in the electric unit of volt [V]. Electric force of the mitochondrial membrane potential is the electric energy change per ‘motive’ charge or per charge moved across the transmembrane potential difference, with the number of ‘motive’ charges expressed in the unit coulomb [C].

Mitochondrial outer membranemtOMThe mitochondrial outer membrane is the incapsulating membrane which is osmotically not active and contains the cytochrome b5 enzyme similar to that found in the endoplasmatic reticulum, the translocases of the outer membrane, monoaminooxidase, the palmitoyl-CoA synthetase and carnytil-CoA transferase 1.
Mitochondrial preparationsmtprepMitochondrial preparations (mtprep) are isolated mitochondria (imt), tissue homogenate (thom), mechanically or chemically permeabilized tissue (permeabilized fibers, pfi) or permeabilized cells (pce). In mtprep the plasma membranes are either removed (imt) or mechanically (thom) and chemically permeabilized (pfi), while mitochondrial functional integrity and to a large extent mt-structure are maintained in incubation media optimized to support mitochondrial physiological performance. According to this definition, submitochondrial particles (smtp) are not a mtprep, since mitochondrial structure is altered although specific mitochondrial functions are preserved.
Mitochondrial respirationIntegrative measure of the dynamics of complex coupled metabolic pathways, including metabolite transport across the mt-membranes, TCA cycle function with electron transfer through dehydrogenases in the mt-matrix, membrane-bound electron transfer mET-pathway, the transmembrane proton circuit, and the phosphorylation system.
Mitochondrial respiration media: comparisonMiRMitochondrial respiratory capacity and control are compared in different mitochondrial respiration media, MiRs, to evaluate the quality of MiRs in preserving mitochondrial function and to harmonize results obtained in various studies using different MiRs. In some cases alterations of the formulation are incorporated to optimize conditions for the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters, e.g. respiration and ROS production.
Mitochondrial states and rates - terminology beyond MitoEAGLE 2020States and rates666 coauthors of the 'MitoEAGLE white paper' [1] collaborated to reach a consensus on terminology related to mitochondrial respiratory states and rates. This page is intended to prepare a questionnaire and follow-up publication.
Mitochondrial transcription factor ATFAMThe transcription factor A is a gene that encodes a mitochondrial transcription factor that is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a participant in mitochondrial genome replication. TFAM is downstream of PGC-1alpha.
MitophagyAutophagy (self-eating) in general is viewed as a degradation process which removes non-essential or damaged cellular constituents. » MiPNet article
ModelA model regarding databases is the representation of a real world object in a computer understandable language. A model can be defined by the structure of its dataset and the relations to other models.
Molar massM [kg·mol-1]; [g·mol-1]

Molar mass M is the mass of a chemical compound divided by its amount-of-substance measured in moles. It is defined as MB = m/nB, where m is the total mass of a sample of pure substance and nB is the amount of substance B given in moles. The definition applies to pure substance. The molar mass allows for converting between the mass of a substance and its amount for bulk quantities. It is calculated as the sum of standard atomic weights of all atoms that form one entity of the substance.

The appropriate SI base units is kg·mol-1. However, for historical as well as usability reasons, g·mol-1 is almost always used instead.

MolemolThe mole [mol] is the SI base unit for the amount of substance of a system that contains 6.02214076·1023 specified elementary entities (see Avogadro constant). The elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.
Monoamine oxidaseMAOMonoamine oxidases are enzymes bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria and they catalyze the oxidative deamination of monoamines. Oxygen is used to remove an amine group from a molecule, resulting in the corresponding aldehyde and ammonia. Monoamine oxidases contain the covalently bound cofactor FAD and are, thus, classified as flavoproteins.
Motic Microscope
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Motic Microscope SMZ-171 TLED: for preparation of permeabilized fibres; compact and light stereo microscope, Greenough optical system, switching power supply for use worldwide (100-240V); including auxiliary ESD objective 2.0X(38.6mm).

Motive entityXtr [MU]
From Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways

.

A motive entity Xtr is an entity involved in a transformation including spacial transfer. Motive entities (transformants) are expressed in different motive units [MU] depending on the energy transformation under study and the chosen format. Flows are defined as advancement in terms of stoichiometric motive entities per time. Isomorphic forces are partial derivatives of Gibbs energy per advancement. Ions carrying a positive charge (cations) or negative charge (anions) may be considered as a paradigm of motive entities, since Faraday did not coin but introduced the term 'ion', which is old Greek for 'going' — advancing to the cathode or anode and thus generating an electric current.

Motive unitMU

The motive unit [MU] is the variable SI unit in which the motive entity (transformant) of a transformation is expressed, which depends on the energy transformation under study and on the chosen format. Fundamental MU for electrochemical transformations are:

  • MU = x, for the particle or molecular format, N
  • MU = mol, for the chemical or molar format, n
  • MU = C, for the electrical format, e;

For the protonmotive force the motive entity is the proton with charge number z=1. The protonmotive force is expressed in the electrical or molar format with MU J/C=V or J/mol=Jol, respectively. The conjugated flows, I, are expressed in corresponding electrical or molar formats, C/s = A or mol/s, respectively.

The charge number, z, has to be considered in the conversion of motive units (compare Table below), if a change not only of units but a transition between the entity elementary charge and an entity with charge number different from unity is involved (e.g., O2 with z=4 in a redox reaction). The ratio of elementary charges per reacting O2 molecule (zO2=4) is multiplied by the elementary charge (e, coulombs per proton), which yields coulombs per O2 [C∙x-1]. This in turn is multiplied with the Avogadro constant, NA (O2 molecules per mole O2 [x∙mol-1]), thus obtaining for zeNA the ratio of elementary charges [C] per amount of O2 [mol-1]. The conversion factor for O2 is 385.94132 C∙mmol-1.

Mouse control: MarkCtrl+M

The mark mode is active by default, can be selected in the menu or by [Ctrl+M]. If Mouse control: Mark is enabled, specific sections of the experiment can be marked in each plot. Usually, marks are set on the plot for oxygen concentration for calibration, whereas marks on the plot for oxygen flux are set for exporting the median or average of flux to a table.

»More details: Marks - DatLab.

Mouse control: ZoomCtrl+ZSelect Mouse Control: Zoom in the Graph-menu or press [Ctrl+Z].
MtOMmtOMThe mitochondrial outer membrane
MultiSensor-Connector
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MultiSensor-Connector: for separate reference electrode and ISE; only for O2k-Series B and Series C with MultiSensor electronic upgrading before 2011.

MultiSensor-Preamplifier 1/100
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MultiSensor-Preamplifier 1/100: Required only for O2k-Series A-C, for application of NO (or other amperometric) sensors (single chamber mode of application).

Multicomponent analysisSimilarly to the least squares method, multicomponent analysis makes use of all of the data points of the spectrum in order to analyse the concentration of the component parts of a measured spectrum. To do this, two or more reference spectra are combined using iterative statistical techniques in order to achieve the best fit with the measured spectrum.
MyxothiazolMyxMyxothiazol Myx is an inhibitor of Complex III (CIII). CIII also inhibits CI. Myxothiazol binds to the Qo site of CIII (close to cytochrome bL) and inhibits the transfer of electrons from reduced QH2 to the Rieske iron sulfur protein.
N-ethylmaleimideNemN-ethylmaleimide is an organic compound that is derived from maleic acid and blocks endogenous Pi transport.
N-junction
N-junction

The N-junction is a junction for convergent electron flow in the electron transfer pathway (ET-pathway) from type N substrates (further details »N-pathway control state) through the mt-NADH pool to Complex I (CI), and further transfer through the Q-junction to Complex III (CIII). Representative type N substrates are pyruvate (P), glutamate (G) and malate (M). The corresponding dehydrogenases (PDH, GDH, MDH) and some additional TCA cycle dehydrogenases (isocitrate dehydrogenase, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase generate NADH, the substrate of Complex I (CI). The concept of the N-junction and F-junction provides a basis for defining categories of SUIT protocols based on Electron-transfer-pathway states.

N/NS pathway control ratioN/NSThe N/NS pathway control ratio is obtained when succinate is added to N-linked respiration in a defined coupling state. N and NS are abbreviations for respiration in the N-pathway control state (with pyruvate, glutamate, malate, or other ETS competent N-linked substrate combinations) and the NS-pathway control state (N in combination with succinate). NS indicates respiration with a cocktail of substrates supporting the N- and S-pathways.
N/S pathway control ratioN/SThe N/S pathway control ratio is obtained from SUIT protocols when the N-pathway flux and S-pathway flux are measured in the same coupling control state. The N/S pathway control ratio may be larger or smaller than 1.0, depending on the mitochondrial source and various mitochondrial injuries. The S-pathway control state may be selected preferentially as reference state, if mitochondria are studied with respect to N-pathway injuries.
NADHNADHNAD+ and NADH: see Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
NADH calibration - DatLabNADH calibration
NADH electron transfer-pathway stateN
N-junction

The NADH electron transfer-pathway state (N) is obtained by addition of NADH-linked substrates (CI-linked), feeding electrons into the N-junction catalyzed by various mt-dehydrogenases. N-supported flux is induced in mt-preparations by the addition of NADH-generating substrate combinations of pyruvate (P), glutamate (G), malate (M), oxaloacetate (Oa), oxoglutarate (Og), citrate, hydroxybutyrate. These N-junction substrates are (indirectly) linked to Complex I by the corresponding dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions reducing NAD+ to NADH+H+ + H+. The most commonly applied N-junction substrate combinations are: PM, GM, PGM. The malate-anaplerotic pathway control state (M alone) is a special case related to malic enzyme (mtME). The glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state (G alone) supports respiration through glutamate dehydrogenase (mtGDH). Oxidation of tetrahydrofolate is a NAD(P)H linked pathway with formation of formate. In mt-preparations, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; CII) is largely substrate-limited in N-linked respiration, due to metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. The residual involvement of S-linked respiration in the N-pathway control state can be further suppressed by the CII-inhibitor malonic acid). In the N-pathway control state ET pathway level 4 is active.

NADH fluorescenceReduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is amongst the intrinsic fluorophores and can be used as an intracellular indicator of hypoxia. The excitation wavelength is 340 nm and emission is at 460 nm.
NADH-Module
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The NADH-Module, is a component of the NextGen-O2k for simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption and NAD(P)H autofluorescence. NAD(P)H autofluorescence is used to evaluate the redox state of the NAD(P)H-pool. The NADH-Module incorporates an UV light and NADH-Sensors which include a photodiode and specific filters.

NADH-Sensor
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The NADH-Sensor has been developed as a part of the NADH-Module for simultaneous monitoring of oxygen consumption and NADH redox state. The NADH-Sensor is composed of a photodiode and equipped with three supergel R370 Italian blue filters (Rosco, US).

NCD-RisC 2017 Lancet
NS e-inputNS, CI&IINS e-input or the NS-pathway control state is electron input from a combination of substrates for the N-pathway control state and S-pathway control state through Complexes CI and CII simultaneously into the Q-junction. NS e-input corresponds to TCA cycle function in vivo, with convergent electron flow through the Electron transfer pathway. In mt-preparations, NS e-input requires addition not only of NADH- (N-) linked substrates (pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate), but of succinate (S) simultaneously, since metabolite depletion in the absence of succinate prevents a significant stimulation of S-linked respiration. For more details, see: Additive effect of convergent electron flow.
NS-N pathway control efficiencyjNS-N; jCI&II-CIThe NS-N pathway control efficiency, jNS-N = 1-N/NS, expresses the fractional change of flux when succinate is added to the N-pathway control state in a defined coupling-control state.
NS-S pathway control efficiencyjNS-S

The NS-S pathway control efficiency expresses the relative stimulation of succinate supported respiration (S) by NADH-linked substrates (N), with the S-pathway control state as the background state and the NS-pathway control state as the reference state. In typical SUIT protocols with type N and S substrates, flux in the NS-pathway control state NS is inhibited by rotenone to measure flux in the S-pathway control state, S(Rot) or S. Then the NS-S pathway control efficiency in the ET-coupling state is

j(NS-S)E = (NSE-SE)/NSE

The NS-S pathway control efficiency expresses the fractional change of flux in a defined coupling-control state when inhibition by rotenone is removed from flux under S-pathway control in the presence of a type N substrate combination. Experimentally rotenone Rot is added to the NS-state. The reversed protocol, adding N-substrates to a S-pathway control background does not provide a valid estimation of S-respiration with succinate in the absence of Rot, since oxaloacetate accumulates as a potent inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase CII.

NS-pathway control stateNS, CI&II
NS-pathway control

NS-pathway control is exerted in the NS-linked substrate state (flux in the NS-linked substrate state, NS; or Complex I&II, CI&II-linked substrate state). NS-OXPHOS capacity provides an estimate of physiologically relevant maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. NS is induced in mt-preparations by addition of NADH-generating substrates (N-pathway control state in combination with succinate (Succinate pathway; S). Whereas NS expresses substrate control in terms of substrate types (N and S), CI&II defines the same concept in terms of convergent electron transfer to the Q-junction (pathway control). NS is the abbreviation for the combination of NADH-linked substrates (N) and succinate (S). This physiological substrate combination is required for partial reconstitution of TCA cycle function and convergent electron-input into the Q-junction, to compensate for metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. NS in combination exerts an additive effect of convergent electron flow in most types of mitochondria.

NSGpNSGp
Convergent electron flow

MitoPathway control state: NSGp

Pyruvate &/or Glutamate & Malate & Succinate & Glycerophosphate.

SUIT protocol: SUIT-038

This substrate combination supports convergent electron flow to the Q-junction.

NagarseNagarse is a broad specifity protease from bacteria used to promote breakdown of the cellular structure of "hard" tissues such as skeletal muscle or heart mucsle that cannot be homogenized easily without treatment with a protease. Nagarse is frequently used in protocols for isolating mitochondria from muscle tissue.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2023 BMI and beyond
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2024 Body composition and obesity
National Standards BodyA National Standards Body is the national member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Natoms Onatoms O0.5 nmol O2; in bioenergetics a variety of expressions is used for units of amount of half a nmol molecular oxygen (natoms oxygen; natoms O; ng.atom O; nmol O), with the identical meaning: 0.5 nmol O2.
Net P/E control ratio(P-L)/Enet P/E control ratio The net P/E control ratio, (P-L)/E, expresses the OXPHOS capacity (corrected for LEAK respiration) as a fraction of ET capacity. The net P/E control ratio remains constant, if dyscoupling is fully compensated by an increase of OXPHOS capacity and net OXPHOS capacity P-L, P-L, is maintained constant.
Net R/E control ratio(R-L)/Enet R/E control ratio The net R/E control ratio, (R-L)/E, expresses phosphorylation-related respiration (corrected for LEAK respiration) as a fraction of ET capacity. The net R/E control ratio remains constant, if dyscoupling is fully compensated by an increase of ROUTINE respiration and R-L net ROUTINE capacity, R-L, is maintained constant.
NeuroconNeurocon
Neurocon LOGO.JPG

Neurocon is an Indian society organizing international conferences on neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideNADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+ and NADH (pyridine nucleotide coenzymes, NAD and NADP), is an oxidation-reduction coenzyme (redox cofactor; compare FADH2). In the NADH electron transfer-pathway state fuelled by type N-substrates, mt-matrix dehydrogenases generate NADH, the substrate of Complex I (CI). The reduced N-substrate RH2 is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced to NADH,

RH2 + NAD+ → NADH + H+ + R

The mt-NADH pool integrates the activity of the TCA cycle and various matrix dehydrogenases upstream of CI, and thus forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CI, the N-junction (compare F-junction, Q-junction). NAD+ and NADH are not permeable through the mt-inner membrane, mtIM. Therefore, an increase of mitochondrial respiration after the addition of NADH may indicate an alteration of the mtIM integrity. Cytosolic NADH is effectively made available for mitochondrial respiration through the malate-aspartate shuttle or glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex.

NigericinNigericin is a H+/K+ antiporter, which allows the electroneutral transport of these two ions in opposite directions across the mitochondrial inner membrane following the K+ concentration gradient. In the presence of K+, nigericin decreases pH in the mitchondrial matrix, thus, almost fully collapses the transmembrane ΔpH, which leads to the compensatory increase of the electric mt-membrane potential. Therefore, it is ideal to use to dissect the two components of the protonmotive force, ΔpH and mt-membrane potential. It is recommended to use the lowest possible concentration of nigericin, which creates a maximal mitochondrial hyperpolarization. In the study of Komlodi 2018 J Bioenerg Biomembr, 20 nM was applied on brain mitochondria isolated from guinea-pigs using 5 mM succinate in the LEAK state which caused maximum hyperpolarisation, but did not fully dissipate the transmembrane ΔpH. Other groups (Selivanov et al 2008; Lambert et al 2004), however, used 100 nM nigericin, which in their hands fully collapsed transmembrane ΔpH using succinate as a respiratory substrate on isolated rat brain and skeletal muscle in the LEAK state.
Nitric oxide synthaseNOSNitric oxide synthase, NOS, catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO•), which is a reactive nitrogen species. There are four types of NOS: neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and mitochondrial NOS (mtNOS).
NoiseIn fluorometry and spectrophotometry, noise can be attributed to the statistical nature of the photon emission from a light source and the inherent noise in the instrument’s electronics. The former causes problems in measurements involving samples of analytes with a low extinction coefficient and present only in low concentrations. The latter becomes problematic with high absorbance samples where the light intensity emerging from the sample is very small.
Noncoupled respirationE

E.jpg Noncoupled respiration is distinguished from general (pharmacological or mechanical) uncoupled respiration, to give a label to an effort to reach the state of maximum uncoupler-activated respiration without inhibiting respiration. Noncoupled respiration, therefore, yields an estimate of ET capacity. Experimentally uncoupled respiration may fail to yield an estimate of ET capacity, due to inhibition of respiration above optimum uncoupler concentrations or insufficient stimulation by sub-optimal uncoupler concentrations. Optimum uncoupler concentrations for evaluation of (noncoupled) ET capacity require inhibitor titrations (Steinlechner-Maran 1996 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol; Huetter 2004 Biochem J; Gnaiger 2008 POS).

Noncoupled respiration is maximum electron flow in an open-transmembrane proton circuit mode of operation (see ET capacity). » MiPNet article

NormA norm is a rule that is enforced by members of a community.
Normalization of rateNormalization of rate (respiratory rate, rate of hydrogen peroxide production, growth rate) is required to report experimental data. Normalization of rates leads to a diversity of formats. Normalization is guided by physicochemical principles, methodological considerations, and conceptual strategies. The challenges of measuring respiratory rate are matched by those of normalization. Normalization of rates for: (1) the number of objects (cells, organisms); (2) the volume or mass of the experimental sample; and (3) the concentration of mitochondrial markers in the instrumental chamber are sample-specific normalizations, which are distinguished from system-specific normalization for the volume of the instrumental chamber (the measuring system). Metabolic flow, I, per countable object increases as the size of the object is increased. This confounding factor is eliminated by expressing rate as sample-mass specific or sample-volume specific flux, J. Flow is an extensive quantity, whereas flux is a specific quantity. If the aim is to find differences in mitochondrial function independent of mitochondrial density, then normalization to a mitochondrial marker is imperative. Flux control ratios and flux control efficiencies are based on internal normalization for rate in a reference state, are independent of externally measured markers and, therefore, are statistically robust.
NormothermiaNormothermia in endotherms is a state when body core temperature is regulated within standard limits. In humans, normothermia is considered as a body temperature of 36.4 to 37.8 °C. Normothermia, however, has a different definition in the context of ectotherms. » MiPNet article
Normoxianormox
Oxia

Normoxia is a reference state, frequently considered as air-level oxygen pressure at sea level (c. 20 kPa in water vapor saturated air) as environmental normoxia. Intracellular tissue normoxia is variable between organisms and tissues, and intracellular oxygen pressure is frequently well below air-level pO2 as a result of cellular (mainly mitochondrial) oxygen consumption and oxygen gradients along the respiratory cascade. Oxygen pressure drops from ambient normoxia of 20 kPa to alveolar normoxia of 13 kPa, while extracellular normoxia may be as low as 1 to 5 kPa in solid organs such as heart, brain, kidney and liver. Pericellular pO2 of cells growing in monolayer cell cultures may be hypoxic compared to tissue normoxia when grown in ambient normoxia (95 % air and 5 % CO2) and a high layer of culture medium causing oxygen diffusion limitation at high respiratory activity, but pericellular pO2 may be effectively hyperoxic in cells with low respiratory rate with a thin layer of culture medium (<2 mm). Intracellular oxygen levels in well-stirred suspended small cells (5 - 7 mm diameter; endothelial cells, fibroblasts) are close to ambient pO2 of the incubation medium, such that matching the experimental intracellular pO2 to the level of intracellular tissue normoxia requires lowering the ambient pO2 of the medium to avoid hyperoxia.

Notified BodyA Notified Body is an organisation designated by an EU country to assess the conformity of certain products before being placed on the market.
Nuclear receptorsNRsNuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors.
Nuclear respiratory factor 1NRF-1Nuclear respiratory factor 1 is a transcription factor downstream of PGC-1alpha involved in coordinated expression of nDNA and mtDNA.
NumberN, nA number N (or n) is a count NX [x] divided by the elementary entity UX [x]. X must represent the same entity in both occurences. The elementary unit [x] cancels in the division by simplification, such that numbers (for example, numbers 8 or 24) are abstracted from the counted entity X. The concept of number is tightly entangled with units, counts and entities.
NumeralA numeral is the symbol representing a specific number. A numeral is the figure of a number, with different notation types used as a figure (VIII and 8 for Roman and Arabic numerals; 八 and 捌 for practical and financial Chinese). A numeral may consist of one or more characters or digits. 60 and 60.00 are different numerals consisting of two and four digits, respectively, which represent the same number sixty. Sixty is the name of the number 60, with the meaning 'number 60'. N is not a numeral but a symbol representing the entity 'number'. The equation N=60 assignes the numerical value 60 to the entity 'number'. The numeral 60 is a symbol for a pure number that equals 6 times 10 (or 2 times 30; or 1 times 60).
O-ring sV\Viton\9.5x1 mm
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O-ring sV\Viton\9.5x1 mm, for PEEK Stopper sV, 2 are mounted on each PEEK Stopper sV, box of 8 as spares.

O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm
O-ringViton12.5x1 mm.jpg

O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm, for PVDF or PEEK O2k-Stoppers (2-mL O2k-Chamber), box of 8 as spares.

O-ring\Viton\16x2 mmO-ring\Viton\16x2 mm, mounted on the O2k-Chamber Holder sV.
O-ring\Viton\18x2 mm
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O-ring\Viton\18x2 mm, mounted on the O2k-Chamber Holder.

O-ring\Viton\6x1 mm
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O-ring\Viton\6x1 mm for POS-Mounting Tool.

O-ring\Viton\8x1 mm
POS O-ring for sensor head or POS mounting tool.jpg

O-ring\Viton\8x1 mm: for OroboPOS sensor head. Replaces the

O-ring\Viton\9x1 mm

O2 background correction - DatLab
O2-Zero Powder
O2-Zero Powder.jpg

O2-Zero Powder, dithionite (Na2S2O4), for zero-oxygen calibration of the OroboPOS.

O2kO2kO2k - Oroboros O2k: the modular system for high-resolution respirometry.
O2k chamber volume calibrationThe O2k-chamber volume calibration has to be done before getting started with the Oroboros O2k to guarantee a standard chamber volume of 2.0 mL.
O2k channel labelsDefault channel labels can now be changed, and new labels set by the user. E.g., rename the Amperometric channel, Amp, to 'H2O2' for H2O2 measurements by fluorometry; rename the potentiometric channel, pX, to TPP+ for mitochondrial membrane measurements with the O2k-pH ISE-Module. For changing the label, go to menu [Oroboros O2k]\O2k channel labels and set the new channel label as desired.
O2k configuration

Configure or modify the settings for the O2k sensors

In O2k configuration, channels (amperometric and potentiometric) can be switched on/off by selecting the according tick box. The Power-O2k number (P1, P2, ..) and numbers for O2 sensors, Amp sensors, pX electrodes and pX reference electrodes are entered or edited here. With the O2k-FluoRespirometer (O2k-Series H and higher), the serial numbers of the Smart Fluo-Sensors are shown automatically under [Amperometric, Amp]. The O2k configuration window pops up when DatLab starts and "Connect to O2k" is pressed for the first time. It is also accessible from the menu "Oroboros O2k" and from within the O2k control and Mark statistics windows.

O2k controlF7After selection of an O2k setup in the O2k control [F7] window, followed by a left-click Send to O2k, only the following control functions are routinely required during experimental operations.
O2k control panel - DatLabThe O2k control panel allows for quick access of O2k instrument settings. It covers the right side of the graphical user interface of DatLab 8. If a DatLab protocol is active, the protocol panel ist shown instead, a tab at the right side allows to switch between O2k control panel and protocol panel.
O2k repairO2k repair of defective hardware may require replacement of spare parts. Some electronic or mechanical defects may be solved only by repair of the O2k in the electronics workshop of Oroboros Instruments, e.g., a defective Peltier unit (temperature control).
O2k series
The serial number of each O2k is shown on a sticker at the rear of the O2k.

The O2k series is specified as the capital letter in the O2k serial number of the Oroboros O2k. A serial number G-#### or H-#### denotes an Oxygraph from the G or H series, while A-#### denotes an O2k from the A series. With DatLab running real-time connected to the O2k, the serial number of the currently connected O2k is displayed: (1) in the right corner of the status line, besides the DatLab version number (bottom), and (2) in windows O2k control [F7] and O2k configuration.

O2k signal lineThe O2k signal line is underneath the O2k status line. It shows, depending on the O2k series, on the left side the O2k number, the time of the experiment, the oxygen raw signal of each chamber, the block temperature, the barometric pressure, the Peltier power, the recorded amperometric and potentiometric raw signal, the enviromental (room) temperature and the signal from internal sensors recording the humidity and temperature of the electronics. On the right side of the O2k signal line the current user, the DatLab version and the O2k serial number are displayed.
O2k signals and outputThree electronic channel types are available in the O2k-MultiSensor system. All channels are available twofold (dual-data), for O2k-Chambers A (left) and B (right), based on numerical signals sent at a fixed data sampling time interval (default: 2 s; range 0.2 s to >10 s).
O2k status lineO2k status line is found above the O2k signal line. It contains information about the chamber label, O2 calibration, amperometric calibration, potentiometric calibration, the block temperature, the illumination in chambers, the TIP2k status and the Automatic pan.
O2k-Accessory BoxThe O2k-Accessory Box contains components of the POS-Service Kit and the O2k-Assembly Kit and is shipped with the O2k.
O2k-Amperometric OroboPOS Twin-ChannelO2k-Amperometric OroboPOS Twin-Channel: Two-channel variable polarization voltage; current/voltage converter for the polarographic oxygen sensor (POS); amplifyer with digital gain settings (1x, 2x, 4x, 8x); A/D converter; output in the range -10 V to 10 V. Integral component of the O2k-Main Unit.
O2k-Assembly KitThe O2k-Assembly Kit is a component of the Oroboros O2k, consisting of 2 PVDF Stirrer-Bars, 2 PEEK O2k-Stoppers, OroboPOS-Connectors for O2k-series A-I and NextGen-O2k series XA (attached to the O2k-Main Unit) and cables (power supply, USB-connection). Several components of the O2k-Assembly Kit are included in the O2k-Accessory Box either for shipment or for storage.
O2k-Barometric Pressure TransducerO2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer, A/D converter and digital output to DatLab for continuous recording of barometric pressure [kPa or mmHg], integrated into the air calibration of the POS (MiPNet06.03 POS-calibration-SOP). Integral component of the O2k-Main Unit. The warranty on the accuracy of the signal obtained from the O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer expires within three years.
O2k-Catalogue: Microbalance Mettler-Toledo
Microbalance Set.jpg

Microbalance Mettler-Toledo

O2k-Chamber Holder
Chamber holder PVDF Stopper.jpg

O2k-Chamber Holder (blue POM) for PVDF or PEEK stoppers (2-mL O2k-chamber), with O-ring\Viton\18x2 mm and V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm. Two units of this item are standard components mounted on the O2k-Main Unit.

O2k-Chamber Holder sV
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O2k-Chamber Holder sV (black POM) for PVDF or PEEK stoppers (0.5-mL O2k-chamber), with O-ring\Viton\16x2 mm and V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm.

O2k-Chamber sV
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O2k-Chamber sV: 12 mm inner diameter, Duran® glass polished, with standard operation volume V of 0.5 mL.

O2k-Dissection Set
O2k-Dissection-Set.jpg

O2k-Dissection Set: for tissue preparation, set of 4 pairs of stainless steel, antimagnetic forceps and a pair of scissors.

O2k-Electromagnetic Stirrer Twin-ControlO2k-Electromagnetic Stirrer Twin-Control for smooth rotation of the stirrer bars in the two O2k-chambers; with slow-start function to prevent decoupling of the stirrer bar; regulated stirrer speed in the range of 100 to 800 rpm (decoupling may occur at higher stirrer speeds), independent for the two O2k-Chambers; automatic events sent to DatLab when the stirrer is switched on/off or when the rotation seed is changed by the experimenter. Integral component of the O2k-Main Unit.
O2k-Fluo LED2-Module
Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered.jpg

The O2k-Fluo LED2-Module is a component of the O2k-Fluorometer (O2k-Series D to G). It is an amperometric add-on module to the O2k-Core (O2k-Series D to G), adding a new dimension to high-resolution respirometry. Optical sensors are inserted through the front window of the O2k-glass chambers, for measurement of hydrogen peroxide production (Amplex® UltraRed), ATP production (Magnesium Green™), mt-membrane potential (Safranin, TMRM, Rhodamine 123), Ca2+ (Calcium Green™), and numerous other applications open for O2k-user innovation.

O2k-Fluo Smart-Module

The O2k-Fluo Smart-Module is an amperometric add-on module to the O2k-Respirometer, adding a new dimension to high-resolution respirometry. Optical sensors are inserted through the front window of the O2k-glass chambers, for measurement of hydrogen peroxide production (Amplex® UltraRed), ATP production (Magnesium Green™), mt-membrane potential (Safranin, TMRM), Ca2+ (Calcium Green™), and numerous other applications open for O2k-user innovation.

» MiPNet28.09 O2k-Fluo Smart-Module manual