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Property "Has-20abstract" (as page type) with input value "Endogenous-20melatonin-20is-20synthesized-20from-20tryptophan-20via-205-2Dhydroxytryptamine.-20It-20is-20considered-20an-20indoleamine-20from-20a-20biochemical-20point-20of-20view-20because-20the-20melatonin-20molecule-20contains-20a-20substituted-20indolic-20ring-20with-20an-20amino-20group.-20The-20circadian-20production-20of-20melatonin-20by-20the-20pineal-20gland-20explains-20its-20chronobiotic-20influence-20on-20organismal-20activity,-20including-20the-20endocrine-20and-20non-2Dendocrine-20rhythms.-20Other-20functions-20of-20melatonin,-20including-20its-20antioxidant-20and-20anti-2Dinflammatory-20properties,-20its-20genomic-20effects,-20and-20its-20capacity-20to-20modulate-20mitochondrial-20homeostasis,-20are-20linked-20to-20the-20redox-20status-20of-20cells-20and-20tissues.-20With-20the-20aid-20of-20specific-20melatonin-20antibodies,-20the-20presence-20of-20melatonin-20has-20been-20detected-20in-20multiple-20extrapineal-20tissues-20including-20the-20brain,-20retina,-20lens,-20cochlea,-20Harderian-20gland,-20airway-20epithelium,-20skin,-20gastrointestinal-20tract,-20liver,-20kidney,-20thyroid,-20pancreas,-20thymus,-20spleen,-20immune-20system-20cells,-20carotid-20body,-20reproductive-20tract,-20and-20endothelial-20cells.-20In-20most-20of-20these-20tissues,-20the-20melatonin-2Dsynthesizing-20enzymes-20have-20been-20identified.-20Melatonin-20is-20present-20in-20essentially-20all-20biological-20fluids-20including-20cerebrospinal-20fluid,-20saliva,-20bile,-20synovial-20fluid,-20amniotic-20fluid,-20and-20breast-20milk.-20In-20several-20of-20these-20fluids,-20melatonin-20concentrations-20exceed-20those-20in-20the-20blood.-20The-20importance-20of-20the-20continual-20availability-20of-20melatonin-20at-20the-20cellular-20level-20is-20important-20for-20its-20physiological-20regulation-20of-20cell-20homeostasis,-20and-20may-20be-20relevant-20to-20its-20therapeutic-20applications.-20Because-20of-20this,-20it-20is-20essential-20to-20compile-20information-20related-20to-20its-20peripheral-20production-20and-20regulation-20of-20this-20ubiquitously-20acting-20indoleamine.-20Thus,-20this-20review-20emphasizes-20the-20presence-20of-20melatonin-20in-20extrapineal-20organs,-20tissues,-20and-20fluids-20of-20mammals-20including-20humans." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

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