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Property "Has-20abstract" (as page type) with input value "Many-20tumor-20cells-20show-20enhanced-20aerobic-20glycolysis,-20even-20in-20the-20presence-20of-20oxygen:-20The-20so-20called-20Warburg-20effect.-20This-20pathway-20provides-20substrates-20for-20the-20synthesis-20of-20lipids,-20proteins-20and-20DNA.-20However,-20the-20Warburg-20effect-20does-20not-20necessarily-20imply-20mitochondrial-20dysfunction.-20Research-20currently-20pictures-20tumors-20as-20compositions-20of-20different-20populations-20of-20cells-20with-20distinct-20metabolic-20phenotypes,-20which-20are-20able-20to-20adjust-20to-20oxygen-20and-20nutrient-20gradients-20within-20the-20tumor-20mass.-20Not-20all-20cancer-20cells-20display-20a-20high-20glycolytic-20flux-20as-20proposed-20by-20Warburg.-20Our-20results-20indicate-20that-20progression-20to-20metastasis-20requires-20mitochondrial-20function.-20Our-20research,-20centered-20on-20cell-20lines-20that-20display-20increasing-20degrees-20of-20malignancy,-20focuses-20on-20metabolic-20events,-20especially-20those-20involving-20mitochondria,-20which-20could-20reveal-20which-20stages-20are-20mechanistically-20associated-20to-20metastasis.-0AThe-20experimental-20model-20consisted-20of-20murine-20melanocytes.-20These-20cells-20were-20subjected-20to-20several-20cycles-20of-20adhesion-20impediment,-20producing-20stable-20cell-20lines-20exhibiting-20phenotypes-20representing-20a-20progression-20from-20non-2Dtumorigenic-20to-20metastatic-20cells.-20These-20were:-20non-2Dtumorigenic-20cells-20melan-2Da-20(ma),-20non-2Dtumorigenic-20cell-20line-204C-20(obtained-20after-20four-20cycles-20of-20adherence-20abrogation),-20non-2Dmetastatic-204C11-2D-20and-20metastatic-204C11+-20melanoma-20cell-20lines.-20The-20metabolic-20profile-20of-20each-20of-20these-20different-20cell-20lines-20was-20investigated-20by-20evaluating-20enzymatic-20activities-20and-20expression-20of-20members-20of-20the-20glycolytic-20and-20oxidative-20pathways-20-5B1-5D.-0AOur-20results-20show-20that-20only-20metastatic-20cell-20line-20(4C11+)-20released-20the-20highest-20amounts-20of-20lactate-20and-20exhibited-20high-20LDH-20activity-20related-20to-20glutamine-20catabolism.-20Results-20from-20measurements-20with-20high-2Dresolution-20respirometry-20(HRR)-20show-20that-204C11+-20intact-20cells-20increased-20(2.8x)-20oxidative-20metabolism,-20with-20enhanced-20(2.6x)-20rates-20of-20oxygen-20consumption-20coupled-20to-20ATP-20synthesis,-20when-20compared-20to-20the-20other-20pre-2Dmalignant-20stages.-20We-20did-20not-20observe-20an-20increase-20in-20mitochondrial-20content,-20mitochondrial-20biogenesis-20and-20alterations-20of-20mitochondrial-20morphology.-20In-20addition,-20in-204C11+-20cells,-20we-20observed-20an-20increase-20in-20succinate-20oxidation-20(Complex-20II)-20and-20fatty-2Dacid-20oxidation.-20Additional-20results-20suggest-20that-20lipid-20droplets-20may-20function-20as-20an-20extra-20source-20of-20fatty-20acids-20for-20mitochondrial-20β-2Doxidation.-0AThese-20results-20suggest-20that-20mitochondria-20of-20tumor-20cells-20could-20function-20as-20energy-2D-20and-20redox-20sensors-20to-20maintain-20metastases.-20We-20hypothesize-20that-20the-20oxidative-20metabolism-20of-20tumor-20cells-20in-20connection-20with-20the-20inactivation-20of-20anoikis-20may-20have-20been-20co-2Dopted-20through-20a-20non-2Dadaptive-20evolutionary-20process-20-5B2-5D.-20Detailed-20analysis-20of-20patterns-20in-20this-20and-20other-20models-20of-20tumor-20progression-20may-20reveal-20whether-20the-20modulation-20of-20the-20oxidative-20metabolism-20is-20a-20feature-20of-20the-20metastatic-20process." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

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