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Property "Has-20abstract" (as page type) with input value "Mitochondrial-20dysfunction-20and-20oxidative-20stress-20are-20proposed-20as-20key-0Aelements-20in-20the-20pathogenesis-20of-20aging,-20as-20well-20as-20neurological-20and-0Acardiovascular-20disorders-20that-20occur-20early-20in-20life.-20Sex-20differences-20in-20free-0Aradical-20homeostasis-20upon-20aging-20have-20been-20extensively-20studied.-20However,-0Alittle-20is-20known-20about-20gender-20differences-20in-20mitochondrial-20function-20and-0Adynamics-20of-20ROS-20sources-20that-20may-20develop-20in-20young-20ages-20and-20hence-0Acontribute-20to-20sexual-20dimorphism-20in-20some-20disorders-20that-20occur-20early-20in-0Alife.-20We-20investigated-20heart-20and-20brain-20mitochondrial-20respiratory-20function-0Aand-20ROS-20production-20in-20young-20(2-2D5-20months)-20male-20and-20female-20wild-2Dtype-0AC57BL6-20mice-20using-20the-20Oroboros-20Oxygraph-2D2k.-20Mitochondrial-20respiratory-20activity-0Ain-20heart-20did-20not-20significantly-20differ-20between-20genders.-20However,-20female-0Abrains-20had-20an-20enhanced-20mitochondrial-20respiratory-20activity-20during-20state-0A3,-20state-204,-20and-20maximally-20uncoupled-20respiration-20as-20compared-20to-20male-0Abrains.-20This-20respiratory-20activity-20observed-20in-20mitochondria-20from-20female-0Aheart-20and-20brain-20was-20associated-20with-20lower-20rates-20of-20hydrogen-20peroxide-0Aproduction-20in-20cardiac-20and-20neuronal-20female-20mitochondria-20as-20compared-20to-0Amale.-20By-20using-20two-20different-20approaches,-20we-20also-20found-20that-20superoxide-0Adismutase-20(Sod)-20activity-20was-20higher-20in-20female-20brains,-20suggesting-20that-0Aenhanced-20antioxidant-20defenses-20in-20female-20brains-20contribute-20to-20gender-0Adifferences-20in-20ROS-20levels.-20Neither-20protein-20expression-20of-20NADPH-20oxidases-0A(Nox2-20-26-20Nox4)-20in-20brain-20homogenate-20or-20synaptosomes,-20nor-20the-20Oroboros-20determined-0Aactivity-20of-20these-20enzymes-20changed-20between-20genders.-0AParadoxically,-20when-20Nox-2Dsuperoxide-20was-20assessed-20in-20synaptosomes-0Ausing-20spin-20trapping-20electron-20paramagnetic-20resonance-20spectroscopy,-0Amales-20exhibited-20higher-20activity.-20We-20conclude-20that-20gender-20differences-20in-0Amitochondrial-20function-20and-20ROS-20production-20occur-20in-20young-20age,-20and-20that-0Adifferences-20in-20antioxidant-20buffering-20capacity-20between-20genders-20may-20be-0Aprimarily-20responsible-20for-20gender-20differences-20in-20brain-20ROS-20homeostasis." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

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