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Property "Has-20abstract" (as page type) with input value "Sex-2Dspecific-20differences-20in-20mitochondrial-20function-20and-20free-20radical-20homeostasis-20are-20reported-20in-20the-20context-20of-20aging-20but-20not-20well-2Destablished-20in-20pathogeneses-20occurring-20early-20in-20life.-20Here,-20we-20examine-20if-20sex-20disparity-20in-20mitochondria-20function,-20morphology,-20and-20redox-20status-20starts-20early-20and-20hence-20can-20be-20implicated-20in-20sexual-20dimorphism-20in-20cardiac-20as-20well-20as-20neurological-20disorders-20prevalent-20at-20young-20age.-20Although-20mitochondrial-20activity-20in-20the-20heart-20did-20not-20significantly-20vary-20between-20sexes,-20female-20brain-20exhibited-20enhanced-20respiration-20and-20higher-20reserve-20capacity.-20This-20was-20associated-20with-20lower-20H-3Csub-3E2-3C-2Fsub-3EO-3Csub-3E2-3C-2Fsub-3E-20production-20in-20female-20cardiac-20and-20brain-20tissues.-20Using-20transmission-20electron-20microscopy,-20we-20found-20that-20the-20number-20of-20female-20cardiac-20mitochondria-20is-20moderately-20greater-20(117-20±-203-25,-20P-20=-200.049,-20N-20=-204)-20than-20male's,-20which-20increased-20significantly-20for-20cortical-20mitochondria-20(134-20±-204-25,-20P-20=-200.001,-20N-20=-204).-20However,-20male's-20cardiac-20mitochondria-20exhibited-20fragmented,-20circular,-20and-20smaller-20mitochondria-20relative-20to-20female's-20mitochondria,-20while-20no-20morphologic-20sex-2Ddependent-20differences-20were-20observed-20in-20cortical-20mitochondria.-20No-20sex-20differences-20were-20detected-20in-20Nox2-20and-20Nox4-20proteins-20or-20O2-2Dconsuming-2FH2O2-2Dproducing-20activities-20in-20brain-20homogenate-20or-20synaptosomes.-20However,-20a-20strong-20trend-20of-20increased-20EPR-2Ddetected-20NOX-20superoxide-20in-20male-20synaptosomes-20hinted-20at-20higher-20superoxide-20dismutase-20activity-20in-20female-20brains,-20which-20was-20confirmed-20by-20two-20independent-20protocols.-20We-20also-20provide-20direct-20evidence-20that-20respiring-20mitochondria-20generally-20produce-20an-20order-2Dof-2Dmagnitude-20lower-20reactive-20oxygen-20species-20(ROS)-20proportions-20than-20currently-20estimated.-20Our-20results-20indicate-20that-20sex-20differences-20in-20mitochondrial-20biogenesis,-20bioenergetics,-20and-20morphology-20may-20start-20at-20young-20age-20and-20that-20sex-2Ddependent-20SOD-20capacity-20may-20be-20responsible-20for-20differences-20in-20ROS-20homeostasis-20in-20heart-20and-20brain.-0A-0A©-202017-20The-20Authors.-20Physiological-20Reports-20published-20by-20Wiley-20Periodicals,-20Inc.-20on-20behalf-20of-20The-20Physiological-20Society-20and-20the-20American-20Physiological-20Society." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

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