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Property "Has-20abstract" (as page type) with input value "The-20uricosuric-20agent-20probenecid-20is-20co-2Dadministered-20with-20the-20dopaminergic-20neurotoxin-20MPTP-20to-20produce-20a-20chronic-20mouse-20model-20of-20Parkinson's-20disease.-20It-20has-20been-20proposed-20that-20probenecid-20serves-20to-20elevate-20concentrations-20of-20MPTP-20in-20the-20brain-20by-20reducing-20renal-20elimination-20of-20the-20toxin.-20However,-20this-20mechanism-20has-20never-20been-20formally-20demonstrated-20to-20date-20and-20is-20questioned-20by-20our-20previous-20data-20showing-20that-20intracerebral-20concentrations-20of-20MPP+-20,-20the-20active-20metabolite-20of-20MPTP,-20are-20not-20modified-20by-20co-2Dinjection-20of-20probenecid.-20In-20this-20study,-20we-20investigated-20the-20potentiating-20effects-20of-20probenecid-20-27-27in-20vivo-27-27-20and-20-27-27in-20vitro-27-27-20arguing-20against-20the-20possibility-20of-20altered-20metabolism-20or-20impaired-20renal-20elimination-20of-20MPTP.-20We-20find-20that-20probenecid-20(i)-20is-20toxic-20in-20itself-20to-20several-20neuronal-20populations-20apart-20from-20dopaminergic-20neurons,-20and-20(ii)-20that-20it-20also-20potentiates-20the-20effects-20of-20other-20mitochondrial-20complex-20I-20inhibitors-20such-20as-20rotenone.-20On-20a-20mechanistic-20level,-20we-20show-20that-20probenecid-20is-20able-20to-20lower-20intracellular-20ATP-20concentrations-20and-20that-20its-20toxic-20action-20on-20neuronal-20cells-20can-20be-20reversed-20by-20extracellular-20ATP.-20Probenecid-20can-20potentiate-20the-20effect-20of-20mitochondrial-20toxins-20due-20to-20its-20impact-20on-20ATP-20metabolism-20and-20could-20therefore-20be-20useful-20to-20model-20atypical-20parkinsonian-20syndromes." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

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