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Difference between revisions of "Walker 2013 Abstract MiP2013"

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{{Abstract
{{Abstract
|title=Walker JE (2013) Generating the fuel of life. Mitochondr Physiol Network 18.08.
|title=Walker JE (2013) Generating the fuel of life. Mitochondr Physiol Network 18.08.
|info=[http://www.mitophysiology.org/index.php?mip2013 MiP2013]
|authors=Walker JE
|authors=Walker JE
|year=2013
|year=2013
|event=MiP2013
|event=MiP2013 Programme
|abstract=[[File:Sir John Walker MiPsummer2012.JPG|240px|right|Sir John Walker]]
|abstract=[[File:Sir John Walker MiPsummer2012.JPG|240px|right|Sir John Walker]]
<big>MiP2013 Keynote by Sir John Walker</big>
<big>MiP2013 Keynote by Sir John Walker</big>

Revision as of 18:07, 10 September 2013

Walker JE (2013) Generating the fuel of life. Mitochondr Physiol Network 18.08.

Link: MiP2013

Walker JE (2013)

Event: MiP2013 Programme

Sir John Walker

MiP2013 Keynote by Sir John Walker

The lecture will be devoted to the topic of how the biological world supplies itself with energy to make biology work, and what medical consequences ensue when the energy supply chain in our bodies is damaged or defective. We derive our energy from sunlight, which, via photosynthesis in green plants, provides high energy components in the foods that we ingest. We harvest that energy, effectively by “burning” (oxidising) the high energy components, releasing cellular energy in a controlled way to generate the fuel of life, in the form of the molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (or ATP for short). The key steps in this process take place in the mitochondria inside the cells that make up our tissues. They serve as biological “power stations” that contain millions of tiny molecular turbines, the ATP synthase, that rotate rather like man-made turbines churning out the cellular fuel in massive quantities, which is then delivered to all parts of our bodies to provide the energy to make them function. Each of us makes and expends about 60 kg of this fuel every day of our lives. Defects in the fuel supply process are increasingly being recognised as important components of complex human diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration and neuromuscular diseases, and they may also be part of the process of ageing.

The ATP synthases found in mitochondria, eubacteria and chloroplasts have many common features. Their overall architectures are similar, and they all consist of two rotary motors linked by a stator and a flexible rotor. When rotation of the membrane bound rotor is driven by proton motive force, the direction of rotation ensures that ATP is made from ADP and phosphate in the globular catalytic domain. When ATP serves as the source of energy and is hydrolysed in the catalytic domain, the rotor turns in the opposite sense and protons are pumped outwards through the membrane domain, and away from the catalytic domain. The lecture will describe the common features of their catalytic mechanisms. However, the ATP synthase from mitochondria, eubacteria and chloroplasts differ most fundamentally in the energy cost that is paid to make each ATP molecule. The most efficient ATP synthase is found in the mitochondria from multicellular animals. The ATP synthases in unicellular organisms, and chloroplasts, pay various higher costs that seem to reflect the supply of available energy in the biological niches that they inhabit. The ATP synthases also differ significantly in the way they are regulated. Eubacteria have evolved a range of mechanisms of regulation, and the chloroplast enzyme is rendered inactive by a redox mechanism in the hours darkness. Mitochondria contain an inhibitor protein, IF1, that inhibits ATP hydrolysis but not ATP synthesis. Its in vitro mechanism has been studied in great detail, but its in vivo role is mysterious, and suppression of expression of the protein appears not to influence respiration.

In mitochondria the ATP synthase is organised in rows of dimers along the edges of the cristae, and as will be discussed, it has been suggested that the permeability transition pore involved in apoptosis resides in the dimeric enzyme.


Labels: MiParea: Comparative MiP;environmental MiP, mt-Medicine, mt-Awareness  Pathology: Aging; senescence"Aging; senescence" is not in the list (Aging;senescence, Alzheimer's, Autism, Cancer, Cardiovascular, COPD, Diabetes, Inherited, Infectious, Myopathy, ...) of allowed values for the "Diseases" property., Cancer, Neurodegenerative  Stress:Permeability transition  Organism: Other mammals 

Preparation: Enzyme  Enzyme: Complex V; ATP Synthase"Complex V; ATP Synthase" is not in the list (Adenine nucleotide translocase, Complex I, Complex II;succinate dehydrogenase, Complex III, Complex IV;cytochrome c oxidase, Complex V;ATP synthase, Inner mt-membrane transporter, Marker enzyme, Supercomplex, TCA cycle and matrix dehydrogenases, ...) of allowed values for the "Enzyme" property.  Regulation: Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Inhibitor 



MiP2013 

Affiliation

Sir John Walker, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997

Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK