Bound energy: Difference between revisions

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{{MitoPedia
{{MitoPedia
|abbr=''B'' [J]
|abbr=''B'' [J]
|description=The '''bound energy''' change in a closed system is that part of the energy change that is always bound to an exchange of heat,
|description=The '''bound energy''' change in a closed system is that part of the [[energy]] change that is always bound to an exchange of [[heat]],


Β  βˆ†''B'' = βˆ†''U'' - βˆ†''A'' [Eq. 1]
Β  βˆ†''B'' = βˆ†''U'' - βˆ†''A'' [Eq. 1]
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The ''free'' energy change (Helmoltz or Gibbs; βˆ†''A'' or βˆ†''G'') is the ''total'' energy change (total inner energy or enthalpy, βˆ†''U'' or βˆ†''H'') of a system minus the ''bound'' energy change.
The ''free'' energy change (Helmoltz or Gibbs; βˆ†''A'' or βˆ†''G'') is the ''total'' energy change (total inner energy or enthalpy, βˆ†''U'' or βˆ†''H'') of a system minus the ''bound'' energy change.


Therefore, if a process occurs at equilibrium, when βˆ†''G'' = 0, then βˆ†''H'' = βˆ†''B'', and at βˆ†<sub>e</sub>''W'' = 0 (βˆ†''H'' = βˆ†<sub>e</sub>''Q'' + βˆ†<sub>e</sub>''W''; see [[energy]]) we obtain the definition of the bound energy as the heat change taking place in an equilibrium process (eq),
Therefore, if a process occurs at [[equilibrium]], when βˆ†''G'' = 0, then βˆ†''H'' = βˆ†''B'', and at βˆ†<sub>e</sub>''W'' = 0 (βˆ†''H'' = βˆ†<sub>e</sub>''Q'' + βˆ†<sub>e</sub>''W''; see [[energy]]) we obtain the definition of the bound energy as the heat change taking place in an equilibrium process (eq),


Β  βˆ†''B'' = ''T''βˆ™βˆ†''S'' = βˆ†<sub>e</sub>''Q''<sub>eq</sub> [Eq. 3]
Β  βˆ†''B'' = ''T''βˆ™βˆ†''S'' = βˆ†<sub>e</sub>''Q''<sub>eq</sub> [Eq. 3]
|info=== History ==
|info
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== History ==
::::* From [[Kubo 1976 North-Holland]]: "Free energy" is due to H. van Helmholtz (1882), and means that part of the internal energy that can be converted into work, as seen in the equation d''F'' = d''A'' for an isothermal quasi-static process. It was customary to call the remaining part, ''T''d''S'', of the internal energy, d''U'' = d''F''+''T''d''S'', the ''gebundene Energie'' (bound energy), but this is not so common now. Β 
::::* From [[Kubo 1976 North-Holland]]: "Free energy" is due to H. van Helmholtz (1882), and means that part of the internal energy that can be converted into work, as seen in the equation d''F'' = d''A'' for an isothermal quasi-static process. It was customary to call the remaining part, ''T''d''S'', of the internal energy, d''U'' = d''F''+''T''d''S'', the ''gebundene Energie'' (bound energy), but this is not so common now. Β 
::::::* IUPAC: Helmholtz energy, ''A'' = ''U'' - ''TS'' [J]
::::::* IUPAC: Helmholtz energy, ''A'' = ''U'' - ''TS'' [J]
::::::* http://www.eoht.info/page/On+the+Thermodynamics+of+Chemical+Processes 2018-12-27 Β 
::::::* http://www.eoht.info/page/On+the+Thermodynamics+of+Chemical+Processes 2018-12-27 Β 
::::* Recalling the term ''bound energy'' may resolve one of the historic battles in thermodynamics [2]. Β 
::::* Recalling the term ''bound energy'' helps to resolve one of the historic battles in thermodynamics [2]. Β 


== References ==
== References ==
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:::# Kubo R (1976) Thermodynamics. An advanced course with problems and solutions. North-Holland Amsterdam, New York. - Β 
:::# Kubo R (1976) Thermodynamics. An advanced course with problems and solutions. North-Holland Amsterdam, New York. - Β 
:::# Gnaiger E (1994) Negative entropy for living systems: controversy between Nobel Laureates SchrΓΆdinger, Pauling and Perutz. In: What is Controlling Life? (Gnaiger E, Gellerich FN, Wyss M, eds) Modern Trends in BioThermoKinetics 3. Innsbruck Univ Press: 62-70. - [[Gnaiger 1994 BTK-62 |Β»Bioblast linkΒ«]]
:::# Gnaiger E (1994) Negative entropy for living systems: controversy between Nobel Laureates SchrΓΆdinger, Pauling and Perutz. In: What is Controlling Life? (Gnaiger E, Gellerich FN, Wyss M, eds) Modern Trends in BioThermoKinetics 3. Innsbruck Univ Press: 62-70. - [[Gnaiger 1994 BTK-62 |Β»Bioblast linkΒ«]]
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{{MitoPedia concepts
{{MitoPedia concepts
|mitopedia concept=Ergodynamics
|mitopedia concept=Ergodynamics
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{{MitoPedia O2k and high-resolution respirometry}}
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Revision as of 19:20, 29 December 2018


high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution


Bound energy

Description

The bound energy change in a closed system is that part of the energy change that is always bound to an exchange of heat,

βˆ†B = βˆ†U - βˆ†A [Eq. 1]
βˆ†B = βˆ†H - βˆ†G [Eq. 2]

The free energy change (Helmoltz or Gibbs; βˆ†A or βˆ†G) is the total energy change (total inner energy or enthalpy, βˆ†U or βˆ†H) of a system minus the bound energy change.

Therefore, if a process occurs at equilibrium, when βˆ†G = 0, then βˆ†H = βˆ†B, and at βˆ†eW = 0 (βˆ†H = βˆ†eQ + βˆ†eW; see energy) we obtain the definition of the bound energy as the heat change taking place in an equilibrium process (eq),

βˆ†B = Tβˆ™βˆ†S = βˆ†eQeq [Eq. 3]

Abbreviation: B [J]

History

  • From Kubo 1976 North-Holland: "Free energy" is due to H. van Helmholtz (1882), and means that part of the internal energy that can be converted into work, as seen in the equation dF = dA for an isothermal quasi-static process. It was customary to call the remaining part, TdS, of the internal energy, dU = dF+TdS, the gebundene Energie (bound energy), but this is not so common now.
  • Recalling the term bound energy helps to resolve one of the historic battles in thermodynamics [2].

References

  1. Kubo R (1976) Thermodynamics. An advanced course with problems and solutions. North-Holland Amsterdam, New York. -
  2. Gnaiger E (1994) Negative entropy for living systems: controversy between Nobel Laureates SchrΓΆdinger, Pauling and Perutz. In: What is Controlling Life? (Gnaiger E, Gellerich FN, Wyss M, eds) Modern Trends in BioThermoKinetics 3. Innsbruck Univ Press: 62-70. - Β»Bioblast linkΒ«


MitoPedia concepts: Ergodynamics 

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