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| Two techniques to measure H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production can be combined with the O2k
| | #REDIRECT [[Hydrogen peroxide]] |
| # The [[O2k-Fluorescence LED2-Module|fluorescence measurement]] using Amplex Red; | |
| # the electrochemical measurement with an amperometric H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> sensor.
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| == Fluorescence ==
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| The fluorometric measurement of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in the O2k is based on the [[O2k-Fluorescence LED2-Module]], using [[Amplex Red]] (or one of its brand names).<ref>[[Sumbalova 2011 Abstract Kagoshima|Sumbalova Z, Harrison DK, Gradl P, Fasching M, Gnaiger E (2011) Mitochondrial membrane potential, coupling control, H2O2 production, and the upper limit of mitochondrial performance. Abstract Kagoshima]].</ref> The O2k-Fluorescence Module consists of a LED light source and a photodiode + filter attached to the O2k-glass window.<ref>[[Fasching 2011 Abstract Berlin|Fasching M, Harrison DK, Tretter L, Gnaiger E (2011) Combination of high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry for continuous monitoring of hydrogen peroxide production by mitochondria with resolution in the nanomolar range. Abstract Berlin]]</ref> The amperometric channel of the O2k-MultiSensor System is used to directly record the signal in DatLab ([[Hickey 2012 J Comp Physiol B]]; [[MitoCom K-Regio|''MitoCom'']]). In addition, the Oxygraph-2k has been coupled to full fluorescence spectrophotometers for this purpose, with a light guide inserted through the [[Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central+side 2.5 mm Port|black PEEK stopper]] ([[Anderson 2011 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol]]).
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| == Electrochemical Measurement ==
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| For electrochemically (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> electrode) measuring H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (and all other amperometric methods) please consult our "NO" or "amperometric" [http://www.oroboros.at/?O2k_NO-Manual manual]. All stated there about measuring NO is technically also correct for using a H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> electrode together with the oxygraph. In this manual you will also find which accessories you need to use a H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> electrode together with the O2k-MultiSensor System (there are different requirements for different generations of O2ks). The electrode itself has to be bought from a third party.
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| It is sometimes stated that the available H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> electrodes may not have the required sensitivity for most ROS studies. WPI states a lower detection limit of "<100 nM" for their 2 mm "macro" electrode and "<10 nM" for their 0.1 mm "mini sensor". The latter value is quite similar to the stated detection limit for fluorescence based methods, however it is not clear if the "mini sensor", probable developed for direct tissue insertion, works well in macroscopic chambers. A direct comparison would be helpful. Please add your experiences!
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| Picomolar detection ranges have been reported for a method combining Amplex Red (R) with square wave voltammetry.<ref>Lyon J L, Stevenson K J (2006) Picomolar peroxide detection using a chemically activated redox mediator and square wave voltammetry. Anal Chem 78: 8518-8525</ref>
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| == References ==
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| <references/>
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| {{#set:Technical service=NO (amperometric) signal |Technical service=pX signal|Technical service=Multisensor }}
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| __SHOWFACTBOX__
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| {{Technical service}}
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