Difference between revisions of "Ergodynamics"

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Ergodynamics

Description

Is there a need for defining ergodynamics? "Thermodynamics deals with relationships between properties of systems at equilibrium and with differences in properties between various equilibrium states. It has nothing to do with time. Even so, it is one of the most powerful tools of physical chemistry" [1]. Ergodynamics is the theory of exergy changes (from the Greek word 'erg' which means work). Ergodynamics includes the fundamental aspects of thermodynamics ('heat') and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP; nonequilibrium thermodynamics), and thus links thermodynamics to kinetics. In its most general scope, ergodynamics is the science of energy transformations. Classical thermodynamics includes open systems, yet as a main focus it describes closed systems, which is reflected in a nomenclature that is not easily applicable to the more general case of open systems [2]. At present, IUPAC recommendations [3] fall short of providing adequate guidelines for describing energy transformations in open systems.

Reference: Gnaiger (1993) Pure Appl Chem

Special molecular mechanisms versus general macroscopic laws

According to Ilya Prigogine [4], the importance of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP) can be gauged from its unique ability to assign general validity of phenomenological laws and discriminate these from special microscopic assumptions on molecular interactions. For this grand mission and promise to be fulfilled, the fundamental assumptions on the linear laws of TIP — implying linear relations between the flows and forces called the phenomenological relations [5] — must primarily be shown to be generally valid.

A critical isomorphic analysis provides the proof that the assumptions on the phenomenological relations are flawed by a confusion between generalized forces and pressures, rendering the variability of phenomenological coefficients L non-linearly dependent on the force under simple experimental conditions [6]. This shatters the foundation of the Onsager reciprocity relationships [5].

The basis of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, therefore, must be re-built on an entirely different paradigm deduced from the dynamic behavior of ergodic systems, where fluxes are linear functions of isomorphic pressures but not isomorphic forces [6]. To emphasize this radical paradigm shift, it is warranted to replace the designation of non-equilibrium thermodynamics or TIP by the term ergodynamics. In the footsteps of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the mission of ergodynamics is the revelation of relations of general validity.

»Bioblast links: Energy and exergy - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>

Units

Joule [J]; 1 J = 1 N·m = 1 V·C; 1 cal = 4.184 J

Fundamental relationships

» Energy

» Exergy

» Extensive quantity

Contrast

» Force

» Pressure

» Intensive quantity

Forms of energy

» Internal-energy dU

» Enthalpy dH

» Heat d_eQ

» Bound energy dB

Forms of exergy

» Helmholtz energy dA

» Gibbs energy dG

» Work d_eW

» Dissipated energy d_iD

Bioblast links: Force and membrane potential - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>

Fundamental relationships

» Force

» Affinity

» Flux

» Advancement

» Advancement per volume

» Stoichiometric number

mt-Membrane potential and protonmotive force

» Protonmotive force

» Mitochondrial membrane potential

» Chemical potential

» Faraday constant

» Format

» Uncoupler

O2k-Potentiometry

» O2k-Catalogue: O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module

» O2k-Manual: MiPNet15.03 O2k-MultiSensor-ISE

» TPP - O2k-Procedures: Tetraphenylphosphonium

» Specifications: MiPNet15.08 TPP electrode

» Poster

» Unspecific binding of TPP+

» TPP+ inhibitory effect

O2k-Fluorometry

» O2k-Catalogue: O2k-FluoRespirometer

» O2k-Manual: MiPNet22.11 O2k-FluoRespirometer manual

» Safranin - O2k-Procedures: MiPNet20.13 Safranin mt-membranepotential / Safranin

» TMRM - O2k-Procedures: TMRM

O2k-Publications

» O2k-Publications: mt-Membrane potential

» O2k-Publications: Coupling efficiency;uncoupling

Bioblast links: System - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>

» System

» Open system

» Discontinuous system

» Steady state

References

Alberty RA, Daniels F (1980) Physical chemistry. SI version. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York:692 pp. - »Bioblast link«
Gnaiger E (1993) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of energy transformations. Pure Appl Chem 65:1983-2002. - »Bioblast link«
Cohen ER, Cvitas T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor HL (2008) Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. IUPAC Green Book 3rd Edition, 2nd Printing, IUPAC & RSC Publishing, Cambridge. - »Bioblast link«
Prigogine I (1967) Introduction to thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Interscience New York, 3rd ed:147pp. - »Bioblast link«
Onsager L (1931) Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. I. Phys Rev 37:405-26. - »Bioblast link«
Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th ed. Bioenerg Commun 2020.2:112 pp. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002

MitoPedia concepts: MiP concept, Ergodynamics

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 == Special molecular mechanisms versus general macroscopic laws ==
-:::: According to Prigogine [4], the importance of thermodynamics of irreversible processes is based on its unique ability to discriminate between special microscopic assumptions on molecular interactions and results of general validity. For this grand mission and promise to be fulfilled, the fundamental assumptions on the linear laws implying linear relations between the flows and forces called the ''phenomenological relations'' [5] must primarily be shown to be generally valid. A critical isomorphic analysis provides the proof that the assumptions on the phenomenological relations are flawed by a confusion between generalized forces and pressures, rendering the variability of phenomenological coefficients ''L'' non-linearly dependent on the force under simple experimental conditions. The basis of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, therefore, must be re-built on an entirely different paradigm deduced from the dynamic behavior of ergodic systems, where fluxes are linear functions of isomorphic pressures but not isomorphic forces [6]. To emphasize the radical paradigm shift, it is warranted to replace the designation of non-equilibrium or irreversible thermodynamics by the term ''ergodnamics''. In the footsteps of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the mission of ergodynamics is the relevation of results of general validity.
+:::::: According to Ilya Prigogine [4], the importance of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP) can be gauged from its unique ability to assign general validity of phenomenological laws and discriminate these from special microscopic assumptions on molecular interactions. For this grand mission and promise to be fulfilled, the fundamental assumptions on the linear laws of TIP — implying linear relations between the flows and forces called the ''phenomenological relations'' [5] — must primarily be shown to be generally valid.
+:::::: A critical isomorphic analysis provides the proof that the assumptions on the phenomenological relations are flawed by a confusion between generalized forces and pressures, rendering the variability of phenomenological coefficients ''L'' non-linearly dependent on the force under simple experimental conditions [6]. This shatters the foundation of the Onsager reciprocity relationships [5].
+:::::: The basis of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, therefore, must be re-built on an entirely different paradigm deduced from the dynamic behavior of ergodic systems, where fluxes are linear functions of isomorphic pressures but not isomorphic forces [6]. To emphasize this radical paradigm shift, it is warranted to replace the designation of non-equilibrium thermodynamics or TIP by the term ''ergodynamics''. In the footsteps of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the mission of ergodynamics is the revelation of relations of general validity.
 {{Keywords: Energy and exergy}}
 {{Keywords: Force and membrane potential}}