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Property "Has-20abstract" (as page type) with input value "Although-20originally-20defined-20as-20harmful-20byproducts-20of-20aerobic-20metabolism,-20reactive-20oxygen-20species-20(ROS)-20are-20currently-20believed-20to-20play-20a-20critical-20role-20in-20downstream-20signaling,-20which-20regulates-20protein-20kinases,-20phosphatases,-20transcription-20factors-20and-20ion-20transport-20channels.-20However,-20mechanisms-20by-20which-20ROS-20is-20responsively-20produced,-20sensed-20and-20translated-20in-20cellular-20domains,-20especially-20neurons,-20remain-20elusive.-20Recently,-20NADPH-20oxidase-20(NOX),-20which-20is-20a-20multimeric-20enzyme-20that-20catalyzes-20the-20production-20of-20superoxide-20(O2•)-20from-20O2-20and-20NADPH-20and-20was-20originally-20identified-20in-20neutrophils-20as-20essential-20for-20the-20host-20response-20respiratory-20burst,-20has-20been-20shown-20to-20localize-20in-20the-20brain.-20The-20unexpected-20presence-20of-20NOX-20in-20neurons-20has-20led-20to-20the-20idea-20that-20NOX-2Dinduced-20ROS-20are-20important-20in-20non-2Dhost-20defense-20contexts-3B-20e.g.-20intracellular-20and-20intercellular-20redox-20signaling.-20In-20previous-20works,-20we-20showed-20that-20NOX-20is-20actively-20producing-20O2•-20in-20the-20brain-20and-20might-20therefore-20be-20an-20important-20element-20that-20influences-20redox-20homeostasis-20in-20health,-20disease,-20and-20aging.-20Questions-20on-20specific-20connections-20between-20NOX-20activation-20and-20neuronal-20dysfunctions-20remain-20open-20for-20exploration-20by-20unconventional-20experimental-20approaches-20capable-20of-20probing-20the-20implications-20of-20in-20vivo-20NOX-20assembly-20and-20activation.-20-0AHere,-20we-20studied-20oxygen-2Dconsuming,-20superoxide-2Dproducing-20NOX-20basal-20as-20well-20as-20induced-20activities-20in-20synaptosomes.-20Isolated-20synaptosomes-20(severed-20nerve-20terminals)-20are-20studied-20because-20they-20contain-20all-20necessary-20components-20of-20a-20functional-20neuronal-20environment-20including-20ion-20channels,-20receptors,-20and-20mitochondria.-20We-20demonstrate-20the-20ability-20of-20the-20Oroboros-20Oxygraph-2D2k,-20in-20parallel-20with-20spin-2Dtrapping-2Flabeling-20electron-20paramagnetic-20resonance-20(EPR)-20techniques,-20to-20study-20sources-20and-20dynamics-20of-20ROS-20in-20synaptosomes.-20To-20the-20best-20of-20our-20knowledge,-20this-20is-20the-20first-20time-20that-20the-20Oroboros-20system-20has-20been-20employed-20to-20quantify-20NOX-20activity-20in-20synaptosomes." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

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