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| == Measuring hydrogen peroxide ==
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| See Measuring H2O2 production with any brand similar to Amplex(R) REed see [[Amplex red]] and especially the accompanying Discussion page.
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| For an overview of methods to mneasure H2O2 concentration or H2O2 production see [[Measuring hydrogen peroxide]].
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| == Simultaneous measurement of TPP and fluorescence == | | == Older series == |
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| '''Question:''' Will it be possible to measure JO2, fluorescence AND TPP simultaneously, or just JO2/fluorescence vs JO2/TPP?
| | === O2k Series A to C === |
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| | * The Oxygraph-2k [[O2k-Main Unit#O2k-Series|Series]] A to C do not support the O2k-Fluo LED2-Module. We thank you for your understanding. |
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| '''Answer:''' Background
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| The main unknown is the chemical compatibility of the methods. We still have to find out whats the effect of Amplex red and its reaction product on the TPP signal.
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| If this is not a big problem there are technical issues: a black TPP stopper will be required and then still light entering the chamber through the TPP electrode might be a problem. Producing the TPP electrodes in black is presumable not a very good idea because then it will no longer be possible to "see" the position of the membrane. I think the technical problems are solvable but first we have to check for chemical compatibility.
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| '''Update:'''
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| First exploratory experiment:
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| A chamber was equipped with TPP electrodes (black stoppers) and a fluorescence module for measuring H2O2 via the Amplex Red method. A standard TPP calibration was carried out.
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| Amplex red / HRP addition resulted only in a minor signal in the TPP channel, a further TPP calibration showed no obvious large negative effects on the performance of the TPP electrode. An H2O2 calibration of the fluorescence signal was carried out: The '''sensitivity''' for H2O2 was reduced by a '''factor of 3 to 4''' as compared to measurements without TPP electrodes. At the same time the noise was drastically increased. In the comparative experiment (without TPP electrodes) no random noise was seen - digital resolution was the limiting factor. Based on this comparison, '''noise''' increased in the experiment with TPP electrodes at least by a '''factor of 20''', probable more.
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| It will be possible to estimate this factor with a higher precision after running an experiment without TPP electrodes at a higher gain (higher digital resolution).
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| It was further tested whether the presence of TPP+ alone (without electrodes) could explain this behavior but, if there were any effects at all, they were quite small.
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| Peroxide additions corresponding to a concentration change of 110 nM (110 pmol/ml) were still well visible but not additions corresponding to a 22 nM (22 pmol/ml) concentration change.
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| This was only one exploratory experiment (2 chambers)! (MF456)
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| Based on this preliminary data:
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| An important point is why one would want to measure TPP and H2O2 simultaneously in the same chamber: If this is "only" for time / sample economy the results above strongly discourage this idea. Parallel measurement e.g one chamber TPP / one chamber H2O2 are preferable.
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| If there is a very strong need to measure both parameters on the same sample (e.g. if strong in-homogeneity among samples in this respect is suspected) and a comparable high H2O2 flux is expected the simultaneous measurement might be principally doable, especially if further optimizations are possible. E.g.: Maybe with the TPP electrode in the chamber black stirrers become important again? However, this certainly would involve some methodological work and the results would be second class at the best.
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| What would be your driving interest for simultaneous measurements?
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| best greetings
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| Mario
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| --[[User:Fasching Mario|Fasching Mario]] 10:49, 23 February 2012 (CET)
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| '''Question'''
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| How many parameters can be measured at once?
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| '''Answer'''
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| The O2k-system is very flexible. If you take cultured cells or isolated mitochondria, split them into the two chambers of the O2k, then you can maximize the number of simultaneously measured parameters:
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| In both chambers oxygen concentration and oxygen flux ([[O2k-Core]]);
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| In both chambers fluorescence, with either identical fluorophores and identical optical probes, or different ones for different parameters in each chamber (H2O2, ATP production, Ca2+, mt-membrane potential, with the potential to extend these possibilities; [[O2k-Fluo LED2-Module]]);
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| Depending on fluorophore compatibility, additionally one potentiometric electrode can be inserted into each chamber (pH, TPP+, Ca2+; [[O2k-TPP%2B_and_Ca2%2B_ISE-Module]]);
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| Or in one chamber fluorescence and the other chamber NO ([[O2k-NO_Amp-Module]])
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| Importantly, oxygen concentration is not only measured, but oxygen levels can also be controlled. This marks a new dimension in our evaluation of ROS production, with measurements spanning the entire ‘normoxic’, hyperoxic and deep hypoxic range.
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| Best wishes
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| Erich
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| == Oxygraph Series A to C ==
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| * The Oxygraph-2k, [[O2k-Main Unit#O2k-Series|Series]] A to C, cannot be equipped with an O2k-Fluo LED2-Module. We thank you for your understanding.
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| [[User:Fasching Mario|Fasching Mario]] 11:55, 25 January 2012 (CET)
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| == Other fluorophores ==
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| '''Question:''' In the brochure, specific mention is made of Amplex Red, Mg green, Safranin, and Ca green. Will other fluorophores work (e.g., MitoTracker or MitoSOX)? Is the module tuneable at all?
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| '''Answer:''' For some application no (or little) "tuning" might be necessary, see below for your examples.
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| a) General
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| The O2k-Fluo LED2-Module is "tunable" with two different levels of involvement:
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| The detected emission wavelength can be changed totally by changing the filter in front of the photo diode. Similarly, some limited fine tuning of the effective excitation wavelength range is possible by changing the filters in front of the LED. Since filters (plastic films) are easily exchangeable this procedure is open to user innovation, maybe with a little help from us.
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| In contrast, to drastically change the excitation wavelength a different sensor with a different LEd has to be used. At the moment we offer [[Fluorescence-Sensor Green]] and [[Fluorescence-Sensor Blue]]. There is limited opportunity for the customer to modify this part for herself, though we might offer a third sensors for UV excitation in the future.
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| b) Examples:
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| Remarks: a) Light intensity always has to be optimized to make sure the fluorophore considered is not affected significantly by photo bleaching. b) Many fluorophores are typically used for imaging applications. Be aware that the O2k-Fluo LED2-Module is NOT an imaging tool but quantifies fluorescence derived from the entire chamber.
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| '''MitoSOX''': According to my tables, MitoSOX has an excitation maximum of 510 nm and an emission maximum of 772 nm. I do not have excitation or emission spectra right now to check if anything unusual or weird is going on with MitoSOX but just from the wavelengths this sounds easy. You could start with [[Fluorescence-Sensor Blue]] plus both the LED filter and photo diode filters from [[Filter Set Saf]]. Due to the huge separation of excitation and emission it is probably possible to use no LED filter at all. It should be checked if this affects the form of any calibration curve in any way.
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| '''Mitotracker''': For me it would be interesting to learn the intended non-imaging application for Mitotracker? Also there are at least three different Mitotracker fluorophores: "green", orange", and "red". Which one do you want to use?--[[User:Fasching Mario|Fasching Mario]] 09:57, 21 May 2012 (CEST)
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| == Coupling the O2k to optical instruments: Geometry ==
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| For various analytical techniques it is desired to couple optical sensors and light sources to the O2k chamber. The initial approach to do so was to insert the optical probe via a custom designed black stopper from above directly into the chamber, see … This approach (light and detection from above) requires also the use of black stirrer
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| However, in Tony Hickey's ([[Hickey 2012 J Comp Physiol B]]) and in our own development of the fluorescence module ([[Fasching 2011 Abstract Berlin]] it became clear that for most applications in the visible range it is a better and easier strategy to introduce the light via the front window and detect the light via the same way. The Duran glass of the O2k chamber has very high transmission down to at least 350 nm and is probable usable even further down, see [http://www.duran-group.com/en/about-duran/duran-properties/optical-properties-of-duran.html Duran optical properties ]
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| The “via the window” approach has several important benefits:
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| # The optical sensor does not “see” the stirrers. Therefore, for comparable small optical sensor diameters there was no need to use black stirrers. In fact using white stirrers increased overall sensitivity without introducing any disturbances.
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| # No physical contact of the sample with the optical sensor necessary.
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| # The space on top of the stopper is not taken up by the optical sensor, allowing for easier titrations and at least potentially for simultaneous use of additional electrodes introduced via the stopper. The black stopper is required to shield the chamber from outside light. Development with this approach was facilitated by the fact that the diameter of the O2k chamber window is identical to the chamber diameter, therefore a stopper with O-ring designed to be introduced into the O2k-Chamber from above, can also be placed in the chamber window for initial experiments. As a permanent, final sensor a more stable solution should be used. We used this configuration not only with the O2k-Fluo LED2-Module but also to couple a full spectrofluorometer to the O2k-Chamber.
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| We think this might be worth to try also for these groups that need a full spectrofluorometer or other light guide based detectors / sources attached to the oxygraph.
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| --[[User:Fasching Mario|Fasching Mario]] 09:26, 17 February 2012 (CET)
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| == Intensity of the light source ==
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| '''Question:''' What is the intensity of the light source (i.e. mW/cm2)?
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| We use a LED based approach which means that the user can vary the light intensity in a very wide range, see [[Fluorescence-Control_Unit#Control_of_LED-intensity]]. The current of the LED can be set to anything between 0.01 to 20 mA. Considering the current to voltage curve the total ELECTRICAL power consumption will therefore vary e.g. for the blue LED from 2 V* 0.01 mA = 0.02 mW to 3 V * 20 mA = 60 mW (similar for green). At 20 mA (setting = 2000, therefore at maxim power) the luminous intensity of the LED itself should be between 1400 to 2800 mcd according to specs, again for the blue light (similar for green). However, see [[O2k-Fluo_LED2-Module#Application-specific_settings]] for typical suggested light intensities that are far lower. We don't even try to pretend to be able to do any absolute luminous power measurements our-self. What we suggest at [[Fluorescence-Control_Unit#Control_of_LED-intensity]] is to use the minimum light intensity to reach the desired signal to noise in the fluorescence signal as a matter of principle. The simultaneous measurement of respiration of course provides an inherent quality control for any negative effects of the light on the biological sample. So far we have not seen any biological damage by blue and green light even for light intensities far higher than we recommend. Light stability of the used fluorophore may be more of a limiting factor and is complicated e.g by the observation that the non H2O2 dependent background oxidation of Amplex red seems to be light intensity dependent in some media (at least for very high light intensities) but not in others. [[User:Fasching Mario|Fasching Mario]] 10:30, 12 March 2015 (CET)
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| == Homogeneity of Illumination ==
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| '''Question:''' Does the light source illuminate the whole sample or a small section of the chamber?
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| The truth is on middle ground: It dose illuminate a big section of the sample, i.e. in a clear solution there is a "light cone" typical for LEDs with half maximum viewing angles 25-35 deg. However, depending on your sample there may be very little or a lot of light scattering. The more light scattering, the more uniform will be the light distribution in the chamber. [[User:Fasching Mario|Fasching Mario]] 10:30, 12 March 2015 (CET)
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| == Archive: Instructions for Older Models ==
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| === O2k-Fluo LED2-Module, Series A === | | === O2k-Fluo LED2-Module, Series A === |
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| ''' Setting the LED intensity directly at the Fluorescence-Control Unit''' | | ''' Setting the LED intensity directly at the Fluorescence-Control Unit''' |
| Use the small supplied screwdriver to bring the switch on the front panel of the Fluorescence-Control Unit to the desired position using the table below: | | Use the small supplied screwdriver to change the position of the switch on the front panel of the O2k-Fluo Control Unit, using the table below: |
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| | | [[Image:BB-Bioblast.jpg|left|40px|link=http://www.bioblast.at/index.php/Bioblast:About |Bioblast wiki]] |
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| == Popular Bioblast page == | | == Popular Bioblast page == |
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