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...of substrates for the [[N-pathway control state]] and [[S-pathway control state]] through Complexes [[CI]] and [[CII]] simultaneously into the [[Q-junction

...T-catg FNSGp.jpg|right|200px|link=Electron-transfer-pathway state|Electron-transfer-pathway states]] ::::» MitoPedia: '''[[NS-pathway control state]]'''

..., S(Rot) or S. Then the NS-S pathway control efficiency in the ET-coupling state is ...pe N substrate combination. Experimentally rotenone Rot is added to the NS-state. The reversed protocol, adding N-substrates to a S-pathway control backgrou

...OS]], [[Electron transfer pathway]]), numerous [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s are possible. ...h variable [[N]]-linked injuries are studied. In contrast, the [[reference state]], ''Z'', is strictly defined for [[flux control efficiency]].

...nt), but if the compound adjective follows the term (measurement at steady state), hyphenation does not add any information and should be avoided. Find more ...ate]] (''NOT'' 'Coupling control state' - it is not 'coupling of a control state')

...f both, the [[coupling-control state]] and the [[electron-transfer-pathway state]]. == Electron-transfer-pathway state ==

...rations by addition of [[NADH]]-generating substrates ([[N-pathway control state]] in combination with [[succinate]] ([[Succinate pathway]]; S). Whereas NS |info=[[Electron-transfer-pathway state]], [[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]], [[Gnaiger_2009_Int J Biochem Cell Bio

...athways converging at the [[Q-junction]] (see »[[Electron transfer pathway state]]). ::::» [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET-pathway state]]

...f the ATP synthase. Since higher concentrations of Omy can decrease the ET state induced upon addition of uncoupler, the required concentration of Omy has t ...tate| S]] and [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state| N-]] pathway control state.

...upstream, provides the rationale for defining [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s and [[categories of SUIT protocols]].

...y listing in parentheses the substrates applied in the [[N-pathway control state]]s, again independent of the sequence of titrations, e.g. NS(GM), NS(PM), F ...mma). The [[Marks in DatLab |Marks]] define the section of a [[respiratory state]] in the SUIT protocol. The [[Mark names in DatLab |Mark name]] contains th

|title=Cardoso LHD, Donnelly C, Komlodi T, Gnaiger E (2022) Coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in permeabilized HEK 293T cells: coupling and pathway contr ...rial inner membrane. ET capacity is measured in the noncoupled respiratory state after application of uncouplers, whereas LEAK respiration is assessed in th

...of substrates and inhibitors which define the [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s. The [[N-pathway control |N-type substrates]] are listed in parentheses, ...Y(X)'''- In the SUIT general protocols Y makes reference to the ET-pathway state and X to the combination os substrates added for the corresponding pathway.

...tate| S]] and [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state| N-]] pathway control state. ...s to be determined. Higher concentrations of oligomycin may inhibit the ET state.

...are designed to measure simultaneously O₂ flux and the Q-redox state in isolated mitochondria and permeabilized cells. ...t D072]] simultaneous determination of O₂ flux and the Q-redox state in isolated mitochondria and cells permeabilized previously to addition to

|abbr=[[Glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state|Glutamate anaplerosis]] |info='''A:''' '''[[Glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state|Glutamate anaplerotic pathway]]'''

...er electron transfer pathways are also analyzed in OXPHOS (FN, FNS) and ET-state (FNS, S). :::+ The protocol provides information on F-pathway in OXPHOS state with palmitoylcarnitine, a long-chain acylcarnitine commonly found ''in viv

...er electron transfer pathways are also analyzed in OXPHOS (FN, FNS) and ET-state (FNS, S). :::+ The protocol provides information on F-pathway in OXPHOS state with palmitoylcarnitine, a long-chain acylcarnitine commonly found ''in viv

...support NADH-linked respiration. Oligomycin (Omy) is used to induce a LEAK state of respiration via the inhibition of the ATP synthase. Since higher concent ...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state.

...f the ATP synthase. Since higher concentrations of Omy can decrease the ET state induced upon addition of uncoupler, the required concentration of Omy has t ...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state.

! Respiratory state ...ate with type N substrates, N_''L'': Non-phosphorylating resting state with NADH-linked (type N) substrates pyruvate&glutamate&malate (PGM; withou

...getic fingerprinting with coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in permeabilized HEK 293T cells. 56^th Annual Sci We characterised the Q redox state in pathway and coupling control using the Oroboros NextGen-O2k with the ele

...f the ATP synthase. Since higher concentrations of Omy can decrease the ET state induced upon addition of uncoupler, the required concentration of Omy has t ...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state.

...(NS > S). However, in some types of mitochondria, rotenone added in the NS-state elicits a paradoxical increase in ''J''_O₂, revealing ::::# Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA - adam.chicco@colostate.edu

...of the Q-junction, respectively, impacts the relation between the Q redox state and O₂ flux in opposite directions. Therefore, our aim was to ch ...he NextGen-O2k with Q-Module to measure O₂ flux and the Q redox state simultaneously, using CoQ₂ as a probe [3]. Cryopreserved HEK 293

|abbr=''ET-pathway state'' ...state]]s. [[Coupling-control state]]s require [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET-pathway competent states]], including oxygen supply. [[Categories of SUI

...Rich PR, Gnaiger E (2021) Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit: ...omlodi_2021_MitoFit_Q.pdf Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria]

...e (n=10) in seniors (28F/6M; age 66.5±4.3; BMI 26.4±4.0) on the functional state of the skeletal muscle mitochondria. ...ugh, regular exercise highly increased (p=0.003) electron transfer-pathway state (FNS_E) fueled by electrons from octanoyl oxidation, NADH-linked

...that supports succinate-linked respiration (succinate-induced respiratory state; previously used nomenclature: CII-linked respiration; SRot; see [[Gnaiger The S-pathway control state is usually induced in mt-preparations by addition of succinate&rotenone. In

...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state. ...tate| S]] and [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state| N-]] pathway control state.

...Rich PR, Gnaiger E (2021) Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria. Bioenerg Commun 2021.3. https://d ...same manner as Q at Complexes CI, CII and CIII. The CoQ₂ redox state is monitored amperometrically with the working electrode, which is poised a

...in the LEAK state. Pyruvate (P) supports [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state|NADH-pathway (N)]], and usually in the presence of ADP it does not increase ...s protocol is designed to evaluate RET in the S-linked pathway in the LEAK state, which is decreased by ADP due to reduction of the mt-membrane potential.

...te in the matrix as substrates for NS-pathway control. This physiological state is reconsituted in mitochondrial preparations by external NS-substrate supp :::::* MitoPedia:» [[Electron-transfer-pathway state#Terminology: from CI- and CII-linked to N and S]]

...s dramatically. Pyruvate (P) supports the [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state|NADH-pathway]] and thus the convergent NS-pathway with little further effec ...s protocol is designed to evaluate RET in the S-linked pathway in the LEAK state, which is decreased by ADP due to reduction of the protonmotive force, ''pm

...nitoring of respiration together with NAD(P)H autofluorescence and Q-redox state [1] provides unique analytical and diagnostic power in the study of mitocho ...Rich PR, Gnaiger E (2021) Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021

...reduces the Q pool almost entirely (>90 %) irrespective of the respiratory state. AOX enhances the forward electron transfer (FET) from CII thereby decreasi |topics=Redox state, Q-junction effect

...ty of the cyanide-resistant pathway. The relation between rate and Q redox state for the external NADH dehydrogenase in potato callus mitochondria was found ...spiration rate is proportional to the redox state of the Q-pool. - ''redox state expressed as QH₂ fraction''

...n isolated mitochondria, myotubes and exercising humans. Performing steady-state respirometry with isolated mitochondria we found that oxygen limitation of |topics=Calcium, mt-Membrane potential, Oxygen kinetics, Redox state

...ations of succinate and is thought not to occur when NAD is in the reduced state. However, very few studies have examined the rates of superoxide production

...herapies. Here, we have investigated the impact of mitochondrial metabolic state on the probability and consequences of mPTP opening. Isolated mitochondria

.... There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PL

...nd were further diminished in uncoupled mitochondria respiring at electron transfer-pathway capacity. Simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial respiration and H<sub>2

...e of Complex II. Confusion between respiratory state 2 and LEAK states, or state 3 and OXPHOS capacity impedes accurate interpretation, as does imprecise us

|abstract=The study aimed to investigate how obesity and glycemic state affect mitochondrial respiration and ATP-generating pathways in mature huma ...In both depots, the respiratory capacity was not affected by the glycemic state. A positive correlation between BMI and adipocyte lactate release was measu

...rgetics are extended for measuring the upper limits of OXPHOS and Electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) capacity. Estimates of maximum mitochondrial performance (2) p ...rgetics are extended for measuring the upper limits of OXPHOS and Electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) capacity. Estimates of maximum mitochondrial performance (2) p

...ng of OXPHOS-capacity. This would be obscured when considerig the electron transfer-pathway (Fig. 1) or ET-capacity as being primarily controlled by the membrane-bound ...ADH&succinate (NS) pathway, and azide titrations in the NS-pathway control state or single step of CIV. As&TM, Ascorbate&TMPD. From Ref [8].

...from nuclear encoded genes to produce a functional mitochondrial electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway). Using permeabilized fibers of Drosophila expressing different |topics=ADP, Flux control, Inhibitor, Oxygen kinetics, Redox state, Substrate, Temperature, Uncoupler

...h (stimulated or un-inhibited) flux; ''Y_X'' is the [[background state]] at low flux, upon which ''X'' acts. ...x from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'' normalized for the reference state ''Z_X''.

...s]]. Complementary to [[pathway control state]]s (PCS), [[coupling control state]]s (CCS: ET, OXPHOS, LEAK) are defined in mt-preparations, and the correspo ...basis, the classical [[respiratory acceptor control ratio]] (RCR = State 3/State 4 respiration) has to be replaced by the biochemical coupling efficiency, d

...rations of [[ADP]] and inorganic phosphate (which may not be the case in [[State 3]]), oxygen, and defined reduced CHNO-fuel substrates. ...possible in mt-preparations supported by an ET-pathway competent substrate state, exemplifed as the NS-pathway (CI<small>&</small>II-linked substrate supply

..., there was a substantial increase in respiratory capacity of the Electron transfer-pathway from day 1 to 2 to day 6 to 7 as well as compared to controls in both intac ...ing uncoupling of platelet mitochondria without inhibition of the Electron transfer-pathway. The mitochondrial uncoupling was paralleled by a gradual and substantial i

...e addition of defined fuel substrates to establish an ET-pathway competent state. » [[#Why ET capacity, why not State 3u.3F | '''MiPNet article''']]

...lso advisable to either detect H₂O₂ flux at the same state for high (tissue hyperoxia; [O₂]> ~100-110 µM) and low (tissue ...end of the protocol to study the effect of oxygen concentration in the ROX state (in the presence of Ama) both on the O₂ and H₂O<sub>2

...te| FAO-pathway]]. In the presence of [[Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state|anaplerotic pathways]] (''e.g.'', [[Malic enzyme|mitochondrial malic enzyme

...consequence, convergent electron flow from Complexes CI+II of the electron transfer-pathway ([[ET-pathway]]) to the [[Q-junction]] exerts an additive effect on flux [1 ...ation increases linearly with respiratory capacity controlled by metabolic state, from 0.2 to 1.6 µM determined by [[high-resolution respirometry]]. O<sub>

...f 16%, 26%, and 35% for the leak state, ADP-simulated state, and uncoupled state, respectively, relative to rates using B1. The common feature distinguishin ...way control state |Pyruvate&malate, PM]]: [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |N-pathway]]

...the mitochondrial inner membrane and measure the capacity of the electron transfer-pathway ([[Electron transfer pathway]], open-circuit operation of respiration). Int

...ise titration of an uncoupler to measure [[ET capacity]] as the noncoupled state of maximum flux at optimum uncoupler concentration. ...rotocol but maintain the number of the particular coupling/pathway control state.

...of oxygen consumption, membrane potential, NADH, and the ubiquinone redox state were correlated to ProDH activity and F₁F_O-ATPase dir |topics=mt-Membrane potential, Redox state

...ng its flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor when maintained in the reduced state in conditions of RET both ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo''. Here we investigate

...ent. It is advisable to detect H₂O₂ flux in the same state either at high oxygen concentration (tissue hyperoxia; [O₂]> ~10 ...gen dependence of H₂O₂ production in LEAK and OXPHOS state.

...). The convergent complex I+II, maximum uncoupled capacity of the electron transfer-pathway, uncoupled complex II and complex IV showed similar results when comparing

...easurement and expression of respiration vary ([[oxygen flux]] in the LEAK state, ''J''_O₂''L'', or [[oxygen flow]], ''I''<sub>O<sub>2< ...stem and in mt-preparations supported by an ET-pathway competent substrate state, exemplifed as the NS-pathway (CI<small>&</small>II-linked substrate supply

...h fluorescent dyes. In this protocol, the [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state]] can be analyzed in [[Mitochondrial preparations| mitochondrial preparatio ...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state.

...logical dyscoupling is evaluated as a mitochondrial defect. The noncoupled state of maximum respiration is experimentally induced by titration of establishe

...capacities with different substrates combinations in septic mice. Electron transfer-pathway ([[ET-pathway]]) capacity decreased also with the development of the diseas |topics=Redox state

...2017) Mitochondrial respiration in highly aerobic canines in the non-raced state and after a 1600-km sled dog race. PLOS ONE 12:e0174874. ...oupled, P) and 254±37 pmol.s^-1.mg^-1 for the electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway; non-coupled, E). After racing respiratory capacities from NADH

...ll increase in mitochondrial respiratory capacity in ET-pathway and OXPHOS state. After six weeks and longer, however, the total mitochondrial capacity for ...increase during NAFLD progression. However, the total capacity of electron transfer-pathway of fatty liver mitochondria increased and consequently decreased after 3 an

...ion rates, electron transfer system (ETS)-related coenzyme Q (mtCoQ) redox state and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse brain and liver mi |topics=Redox state, Q-junction effect

...y through the electron transfer system (ETS) simultaneously with the redox state of ETS-reactive coenzyme Q (Q), or production of reactive oxygen species (R |topics=ADP, mt-Membrane potential, Redox state, Substrate, Q-junction effect

...ration (before the addition of ADP), OXPHOS capacity (in the ADP-activated state, coupled oxidative phosphorylation) and ET capacity (electron transfer capa

...are added simultaneously, the increased electron flow through the Electron transfer-pathway ([[ET-capacity|''E'', non-coupled]]) allows the detection of respiratory in (1) Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA; Email: shand@lsu.edu

...bbreviations (mtDNA, mt to abbreviate mitochondr*); OXPHOS capacity versus State 3 (discuss saturating ADP/Pi .. concentrations). ::::* '''[[State 2]]'''

...phosphorylation. Coupled Complex-1 respiration decreased, while uncoupled State-4O, and complex-II increased significantly due to burn injury, particularly

...rane. 3G: 10 mM glutamate as an additional NADH-linked substrate (N-OXPHOS state). 4S: 10 mM succinate (NS-OXPHOS capacity). 5U: uncoupler titrations to eva

...'''3G:''' 10 mM glutamate as an additional NADH-linked substrate (N-OXPHOS state). '''4S:''' 10 mM succinate (NS-OXPHOS capacity). :'''5U:''' uncoupler titr

...ked substrates. Both protocols were designed to provide a common reference state of CI&II-linked ET capacity, in comparison to separate Complex I- and Compl ..., 5Comparative Exercise Physiol Lab, Center Veterinary Health Sc, Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK, US; 5-D Swarovski Research Lab, Dep Visceral Transpla

...-1</sup> ]) for all respiratory states (all p < 0.01), except for the LEAK state, after accounting for the mobilization of PBMCs. Future subtype-specific st

...onal uncoupler titration is necessary to reach the maximum O2 flow at this state.

...ked substrates. Both protocols were designed to provide a common reference state of CI<small>&</small>II-linked ET capacity, in comparison to separate Compl ...Comparative Exercise Physiology Lab, Center Veterinary Health Sc, Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK, USA; 5-D Swarovski Research Lab, Dept Visceral Transp

...ked substrates. Both protocols were designed to provide a common reference state of CI<small>&</small>II-linked ET-capacity, in comparison to separate Compl ...Comparative Exercise Physiology Lab, Center Veterinary Health Sc, Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK, USA; 5-D Swarovski Research Lab, Dept Visceral Transp

...ure respiration rates in duplicate during LEAK (State 4), OXPHOS capacity (State 3), and electron transfer capacity (ET) states in permeabilized hypothalami ::::# Louisiana State University

...pling, comprising about 50% of oxygen consumption in the basal respiratory state. Hypoxia followed by re-oxygenation increased maximal overall respiration.

...atment also increased respiratory control ratio (RCR), an indicator of the state of mitochondrial coupling, which is related to the mitochondrial functional

...''_O2,PM)/''I''_O2,''c''PM, exceeded 0.1 in the OXPHOS-state (Fig. 1; steps 2D and 2c). For abbreviations see Figure 1 and Gnaiger et al ...'''3G''': 10 mM glutamate as an additional NADH-linked substrate (N-OXPHOS state). '''4S''': 10 mM succinate (NS-OXPHOS capacity). '''5U''': uncoupler titra

| style="text-align:left"|[[O2k-Publications: Redox state |Redox state]] ...egory:Publications]] [[Instrument and method::Oxygraph-2k]] [[Topic::Redox state]] |format=count}}

::::» MitoPathways - the electron transfer-pathway ::::» Steady-state injection respirometry

...cence may comprise a mixture of signals from a fluorescent dye in its free state and bound to membranes or proteins, and corrections may be difficult for ob ...IIP state when the mt-membrane potential is low already in the uninhibited state. The increase of TPP⁺ concentration from 1.5 to 3 µM did not ch

...ration and elevated ROS production more in the SHR fibers. The ADP-trapped state was also less relieved on creatine addition, likely reflecting the 30% depr

...Ranji M, Eells JT (2020) Photobiomodulation preserves mitochondrial redox state and is retinoprotective in a rodent model of retinitis pigmentosa. '''Sci R

...to pioneers in bioenergetics''' will provide a fresh look at concepts in a state of flow rather than as fixed paradigms, which tend to be forgotten or disto ...ects on oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane potential, redox state of coenzyme Q, and calcium uptake]]''

::::#Biochemistry Molecular Biology; Colorado State Univ, Fort Collins

...the use of digitonin we can address different [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s.

...ies on the electron transfer-pathway. XLII. Reconstitution of the electron transfer-pathway. J Biol Chem 237:2661-9. - [[Hatefi 1962 J Biol Chem |»Bioblast link«]] ...R (1955) Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation. III. The steady state. J Biol Chem 217:409-27. - [[Chance 1955 J Biol Chem-III |»Bioblast link«

...rate in a ''reference state'', and is evaluated relative to a ''background state''. The concept of flux control efficiency is based on principles of thermod ...ements are documented by >1 000 reports listed under '[[NS-pathway control state]]' in MitoPedia. To study respiratory control at the Q-junction, SUIT proto

| Sao Paulo State University, BR

...activity of living (non-permeabilized) cells in the physiological coupling state, which is controlled by cellular energy demand, energy turnover and the deg |'''Why use a short-chain coenzyme Q mimetic for measurement of the Q-redox state using the Q-Module? '''<br>

...ion of ATP production: dependence on calcium concentration and respiratory state", [[Fink 2017 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol]] ...s compared with normoxic H2O2 production in the LEAK but not in the OXPHOS state. After re-oxygenation, the rate of H2O2 generation again increases. At the

...ET; proton leak, LEAK, residual oxygen consumption, ROX, State 2, State 3, State 4, normalization, flow, flux, O₂ ...(1955b) Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation: III. The steady state. J Biol Chem 217:409-27. - [[Chance 1955 J Biol Chem-III |»Bioblast link«

...(1955b) Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation: III. The steady state. J Biol Chem 217:409-27. - [[Chance 1955 J Biol Chem-III |»Bioblast link« ...n, Respiratory complexes, Respiratory states, Respirometry, Sample, Steady state, Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration, Supercomplex, System, Tissue homo

...os O2k-Workshop]]: Continuous monitoring of mitochondrial Coenzyme Q redox state integrated in high-resolution respirometry''' at [[10th Conference of the I ...: Continuous monitoring of pull and push control of respiration and redox state of the Q-mimetic CoQ₂''

...Ranji M, Eells JT (2020) Photobiomodulation preserves mitochondrial redox state and is retinoprotective in a rodent model of retinitis pigmentosa. '''Sci R ...r W (2016) Adapting high-resolution respirometry to glucose-limited steady state mycelium of the filamentous fungus Penicillium ochrochloron: method develop