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• Sjoevall 2010 Crit Care  + ('''Introduction''' Mitochondrial dysfuncti … '''Introduction'''</br>Mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested as a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. Also, restoration of mitochondrial function, known as mitochondrial biogenesis, has been implicated as a key factor for the recovery of organ function in patients with sepsis. Here we investigated temporal changes in platelet mitochondrial respiratory function in patients with sepsis during the first week after disease onset.</br></br>'''Methods'''</br>Platelets were isolated from blood samples taken from 18 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock within 48 hours of their admission to the intensive care unit. Subsequent samples were taken on day 3 to 4 and day 6 to 7. Eighteen healthy blood donors served as controls. Platelet mitochondrial function was analyzed by high-resolution respirometry. Endogenous respiration of viable, intact platelets suspended in their own plasma or PBS glucose was determined. Further, in order to investigate the role of different dehydrogenases and respiratory complexes as well as to evaluate maximal respiratory activity of the mitochondria, platelets were permeabilized and stimulated with complex-specific substrates and inhibitors.</br></br>'''Results'''</br>Platelets suspended in their own septic plasma exhibited increased basal non-phosphorylating respiration (state 4) compared to controls and to platelets suspended in PBS glucose. In parallel, there was a substantial increase in respiratory capacity of the Electron transfer-pathway from day 1 to 2 to day 6 to 7 as well as compared to controls in both intact and permeabilized platelets oxidizing Complex I and/or II-linked substrates. No inhibition of respiratory complexes was detected in septic patients compared to controls. Non-survivors, at 90 days, had a more elevated respiratory capacity at day 6 to 7 as compared to survivors. Cytochrome c increased over the time interval studied but no change in mitochondrial DNA was detected.</br></br>'''Conclusions'''</br>The results indicate the presence of a soluble plasma factor in the initial stage of sepsis inducing uncoupling of platelet mitochondria without inhibition of the Electron transfer-pathway. The mitochondrial uncoupling was paralleled by a gradual and substantial increase in respiratory capacity. This may reflect a compensatory response to severe sepsis or septic shock, that was most pronounced in non-survivors, likely correlating to the severity of the septic insult.ting to the severity of the septic insult.)
• Hroudova 2012 European Psychiatry  + ('''Introduction''': Alzheimer's disease (A … '''Introduction''': Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive decline in variety of higher brain functions - memory, orientation, and thinking. According to increasing evidences, mitochondrial insufficiencies contribute to pathology of AD; changes were described in AD brains, blood cells and human fibroblasts.</br></br>'''Objectives''': On molecular level, oxygen and glucose metabolism is altered and energy metabolism is impaired.</br>Mitochondrial abnormalities and alterations in mitochondrial enzymes, especially Complex I and cytochrome ''c'' oxidase, were observed. However, the cause and important aspects of AD mechanism have not yet been sufficiently clarified.</br></br>'''Aims''': The aim of our study was to find whether kinetics of oxygen consumption is modified in AD patients. Further, we afford to suggest parameters that could be suitable as AD markers.</br></br>'''Methods''': AD patients and healthy control group were included in the study. Respiratory rate of mitochondria, as measure of total activity of the system of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), was measured in mitochondria using oxygraph with Clark-type electrodes. High-resolution respirometry was performed in intact as well as in permeabilized platelets.</br></br>'''Results''': Our results indicate significantly lower respiratory rate in intact platelets as well as lower respiratory capacity of Electron transfer-pathway in patients with AD compared to controls.</br></br>'''Conclusions''': We propose that decrease in oxygen consumption may participate in pathophysiology of AD, and respiratory rate in platelets could be AD marker.tory rate in platelets could be AD marker.)
• Groeger 2010 Crit Care  + ('''Introduction:''' Hydrogen sulfide (H< … '''Introduction:''' Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and, thus, of mitochondrial respiration [1]. Since H₂S was reported to induce a suspended animation-like status characterized by reduced energy expenditure and hypothermia [2], we sought to determine the effect of hypothermia on mitochondrial respiratory capacity and H₂S-related COX inhibition. We further studied the influence of variations in pH on both variables.</br></br>'''Methods:''' All measurements were conducted in digitonin-permeabilised cultured peritoneal macrophages using high-resolution respirometry [3] (Oxygraph-2 k, Oroboros, Austria). Maximum mitochondrial respiration (1 to 2 Mio cells/ml respiration medium) was achieved in the uncoupled state by adding pyruvate, malate, glutamate and succinate as respiratory substrates. Then, in one of the two chambers of the oxygraph, mitochondrial respiration was inhibited stepwise by incremental concentrations of the H₂S donor Na₂S (1 to 64 μM). In the parallel chamber, the identical inhibitor titration sequence was preceded by the inhibition of the respiratory chain by rotenone and antimycin A followed by the selective stimulation of CIV after addition of ascorbate and TMPD. COX excess capacity (% of ET-pathway) was calculated based on the ratio of inhibition of mitochondrial respiration with full operating respiratory chain versus the CIV-stimulated condition. This experimental sequence was repeated at 37 °C and 25 °C with a medium pH of 7.1 and then at 37°C with a pH of 6.8 and 7.7.</br></br>'''Results:''' CIV excess capacity (median (quartiles)) was significantly higher at 25 °C than at 37 °C (134 (113; 140) vs 61 (47; 79)), most likely due to the almost halved mitochondrial respiratory capacity at hypothermia (50 (37; 63) vs 95 (81; 103) pmol O₂/s × Mio cells). Changing the medium pH from 6.8 to 7.7 significantly increased the COX excess capacity (91 (79; 103) vs 71 (64; 82) pmol O₂/s × Mio cells), which again was related to the significantly lower mitochondrial respiratory capacity with more acidic conditions (80 (70; 89) vs 94 (85; 98)).</br></br>'''Conclusions:''' Our results suggest that COX excess capacity is temperature as well as pH dependent in peritoneal macrophages. This effect may protect cells from H₂S toxicity at low temperatures and high pH values. in peritoneal macrophages. This effect may protect cells from H₂S toxicity at low temperatures and high pH values.)
• Fischer 2021 MitoFit Fe liver  + ('''Journal publication 2021-11-16 in [[Fischer 2021 Antioxidants |»Antioxidants«]]'' … '''Journal publication 2021-11-16 in [[Fischer 2021 Antioxidants |»Antioxidants«]]'''</big></br></br>[[File:Fischer_2021_MitoFit_Fe_liver - graphical abstract.png|right|500px|Graphical abstract]] Iron is an essential co-factor for many cellular metabolic processes, and mitochondria are main sites of utilization. Iron accumulation promotes production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the catalytic activity of iron species. Herein, we investigated the consequences of dietary and genetic iron overload on mitochondrial function. C57/BL6N wildtype and ''Hfe^-/-'' mice, the latter a genetic hemochromatosis model, received either normal diet (ND) or high iron diet (HI) for two weeks. Liver mitochondrial respiration was measured using high-resolution respirometry along with analysis of expression of specific proteins and ROS production. HI promoted tissue iron accumulation and slightly affected mitochondrial function in wildtype mice. Hepatic mitochondrial function was impaired in ''Hfe^-/-'' mice on ND and HI. Compared to wildtype mice, ''Hfe^-/-'' mice on ND showed increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity. ''Hfe^-/-'' mice on HI showed very high liver iron levels, decreased mitochondrial respiratory capacity and increased ROS production associated with reduced mitochondrial aconitase activity. Although ''Hfe^-/-'' resulted in increased mitochondrial iron loading, the concentration of metabolically reactive cytoplasmic iron and mitochondrial density remained unchanged. Our data shows multiple effects of dietary and genetic iron loading on mitochondrial function and linked metabolic pathways, providing an explanation for fatigue in iron-overloaded hemochromatosis patients and suggests iron reduction therapy for improvement of mitochondrial function.</br><br><br>chromatosis patients and suggests iron reduction therapy for improvement of mitochondrial function. <br><br>)
• Zdrazilova 2021 MitoFit ace-sce  + ('''Journal publication 2022-03-03 in [[Zdrazilova 2022 PLOS ONE |»'''PLOS ONE 17:e0264496'''«]]'' … '''Journal publication 2022-03-03 in [[Zdrazilova 2022 PLOS ONE |»'''PLOS ONE 17:e0264496'''«]]'''</br></br>Version 1 ('''v1''') '''2021-09-21''' [https://www.mitofit.org/images/1/15/Zdrazilova_2021_MitoFit_ace-sce.pdf doi:10.26124/mitofit:2021-0007]</br></br>Measurement of oxygen consumption of cultured cells is widely used for diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases, drug testing, biotechnology and toxicology. Fibroblasts are cultured in monolayers but physiological measurements are carried out in suspended or attached cells. We address the question whether respiration differs in attached and suspended cells using multiwell respirometry (Agilent Seahorse XF24) and high-resolution respirometry (Oroboros O2k), respectively. Respiration of human dermal fibroblasts measured in culture medium was baseline-corrected for residual oxygen consumption and expressed as oxygen flow per cell.</br></br>No differences were observed in ROUTINE respiration of living cells and LEAK respiration obtained after inhibition of ATP synthase by oligomycin. Multiple steps of uncoupler titrations in the O2k allowed for evaluation of maximum electron transfer capacity, which was higher than respiration obtained in the XF24 due to a limitation to two uncoupler titrations.</br></br>Quantitative evaluation of respiration measured in different platforms revealed that short-term suspension of fibroblasts did not affect respiratory activity and coupling control. Consistent results obtained with different platforms provide a test for reproducibility and allow for building an extended respirometric database.</br><br><br> extended respirometric database. <br><br>)
• Fischer 2022 MitoFit Fe  + ('''Journal publication 2022-03-21 in [[Fischer 2022 Metabolites |»Metabolites«]]'' … '''Journal publication 2022-03-21 in [[Fischer 2022 Metabolites |»Metabolites«]]'''</big></br></br>Iron is an essential component for metabolic processes including oxygen transport within hemoglobin, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity and mitochondrial energy transformation. Iron deficiency can thus lead to metabolic dysfunction and eventually result in iron deficiency anemia (IDA) which affects approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide. Using a rat model of IDA induced by phlebotomy, we studied the effects of IDA on mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and liver. Furthermore, we evaluated whether mitochondrial function evaluated by high-resolution respirometry in PBMCs reflects corresponding alterations in the liver. Surprisingly, mitochondrial respiratory capacity was increased in PBMCs from rats with IDA compared to controls. In contrast, mitochondrial respiration remained unaffected in livers from IDA rats. Of note, citrate synthase activity indicated an increased mitochondrial density in PBMCs, whereas it remained unchanged in the liver, partly explaining the different responses of mitochondrial respiration in PBMCs and liver. Taken together, these results indicate that mitochondrial function determined in PBMCs cannot serve as a valid surrogate for respiration in the liver. Metabolic adaptions to iron deficiency resulted in different metabolic reprogramming in the blood cells and liver tissue.</br><br><br>ng in the blood cells and liver tissue. <br><br>)
• Viola 2016 J Physiol  + ('''KEY POINTS:''' Genetic mutations in car … '''KEY POINTS:'''</br>Genetic mutations in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) are associated with development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterised by myocyte remodeling, disorganisation of cytoskeletal proteins and altered energy metabolism. The L-type Ca²⁺ channel is the main route for calcium influx and critical to cardiac excitation and contraction. The channel also regulates mitochondrial function in the heart by a functional communication between the channel and mitochondria via the cytoskeletal network. We find that L-type Ca²⁺ channel kinetics are altered in cTnI-G203S cardiac myocytes, and that activation of the channel causes a significantly greater increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and metabolic activity in cTnI-G203S cardiac myocytes. These responses occur as a result of impaired communication between the L-type Ca²⁺ channel and cytoskeletal protein F-actin, involving decreased movement of actin-myosin, and block of mitochondrial VDAC, resulting in a 'hypermetabolic' mitochondrial state. We propose that L-type Ca²⁺ channel antagonists such as diltiazem may be effective in reducing the cardiomyopathy by normalising mitochondrial metabolic activity.</br></br></br>'''ABSTRACT:'''</br>Genetic mutations in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) account for 5% of families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). HCM is associated with disorganisation of cytoskeletal proteins and altered energy metabolism. The L-type Ca²⁺ channel (ICa-L ) plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial function. This involves a functional communication between ICa-L and mitochondria via the cytoskeletal network. We investigate the role of ICa-L in regulating mitochondrial function in 25-30-week old cardiomyopathic mice expressing human disease causing mutation Gly203Ser in cTnI (cTnI-G203S). The inactivation rate of ICa-L is significantly faster in cTnI-G203S myocytes (cTnI-G203S: τ1 = 40.68 ± 3.22, n = 10 versus wt: τ1 = 59.05 ± 6.40, n = 6, P < 0.05). Activation of ICa-L caused a greater increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm , 29.19 ± 1.85%, n = 15 versus wt: 18.84 ± 2.01%, n = 10, P < 0.05) and metabolic activity (24.40 ± 6.46%, n = 8 versus wt: 9.98 ± 1.57%, n = 9, P < 0.05). The responses occurred due to impaired communication between ICa-L and F-actin, involving lack of dynamic movement of actin-myosin, and block of mitochondrial VDAC. Similar responses were observed in pre-cardiomyopathic mice. ICa-L antagonists nisoldipine and diltiazem decreased Ψm to basal levels. We conclude that the Gly203Ser mutation leads to impaired functional communication between ICa-L and mitochondria resulting in a 'hypermetabolic' state. This may contribute to development of cTnI-G203S cardiomyopathy because the response is present in young pre-cardiomyopathic mice. ICa-L antagonists may be effective in reducing the cardiomyopathy by altering mitochondrial function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.</br></br>This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.e is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.)
• Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2015  + ('''Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umwe … '''Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2015, Internationales Wissenschaftsforum der Universität, Heidelberg, DE.'''</br></br>Im März 2015 startet in Heidelberg bereits vierte Auflage eines erfolgreichen Curriculums Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin. Die Veranstaltung ist als ärztliche Fortbildung mit Ärztekammer-, Zahnärzte- und Apothekerkammer-Anerkennung und als Wahlpflichtmodul des KWKM-Masterstudiengangs an der Europa-Universität Viadrina konzipiert.</br></br> </br></br>An sechs intensiven Wochenenden (freitags und samstags) werden in Vorträgen und Übungen:</br></br>* Grundlagen der Mitochondrien-Medizin,</br></br>* aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse,</br></br>* Diagnosemethoden und</br></br>* Therapieverfahren der mitochondrialen Medizin</br></br>u.a. in Verbindung mit der Umweltmedizin, Umwelt-Zahnmedizin, Frauenheilkunde und Psychotherapie erläutert. Ergänzend zu dem theoretischen Teil werden Hospitanten-Tage im Centrum für Integrative Medizin in Speyer angeboten, welches auf dem Gebiet der Mitochondrien-Medizin spezialisiert ist.r Mitochondrien-Medizin spezialisiert ist.)
• Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2016 Heidelberg DE  + ('''Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umwe … '''Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2016, Internationales Wissenschaftsforum der Universität, Heidelberg, DE.''' [[Media:MitochondrialMedicine_2016.pdf| »Flyer]]</br> </br>Im März 2016 startet in Heidelberg bereits fünfte Auflage eines erfolgreichen Curriculums '''Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin'''. Die Veranstaltung ist als ärztliche Fortbildung mit Ärztekammer-, Zahnärzte- und Apothekerkammer-Anerkennung und als Wahlpflichtmodul des KWKM-'''Masterstudiengangs an der Europa-Universität Viadrina''' konzipiert.</br> </br>An sechs intensiven Wochenenden (freitags und samstags) werden in Vorträgen und Übungen:</br></br>* Grundlagen der Mitochondrien-Medizin</br>* Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse</br>* Diagnosemethoden</br>* Therapieverfahren der mitochondrialen Medizin</br></br>u.a. in Verbindung mit der Umweltmedizin, Umwelt-Zahnmedizin, Frauenheilkunde undPsychotherapie erläutert. Ergänzend zu dem theoretischen Teil werden Hospitanten-Tage im BioMedical Center in Speyer angeboten, welches auf dem Gebiet der Mitochondrien-Medizin spezialisiert ist. </br> </br>Mehr Informationen finden Sie hier: http://www.mito-medizin.de/fortbildung/</br> </br></br>'''Termine 2016:'''</br> </br>:* Kurs A: 04. - 05.03</br>:* Kurs B: 15. - 16.04</br>:* Kurs C: 20. - 21.05</br>:* Kurs D: 17. - 18.06</br>:* Kurs E: 09. - 10.09</br>:* Kurs F: 11. - 12.11Kurs E: 09. - 10.09 :* Kurs F: 11. - 12.11)
• MiPNet08.15 Complex-I  + ('''Kuznetsov AV, Gnaiger E. Laboratory pro … '''Kuznetsov AV, Gnaiger E. Laboratory protocol: Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.5.3). Mitochondrial membrane enzyme. Mitochondr Physiol Network 08.15.'''</br></br>Complex I (CI) is the segment of the electron transport system (integral enzyme of the inner mitochondrial membrane) responsible for electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone. CI is sensitive to different pathologies, particularly to oxidative stress, which is involved in ischemia-reperfusion injury, anoxia/ reoxygenation, aging, etc (Kuznetsov et al 2004; Rouslin & Millard 1981; Rouslin & Ranganathan, 1983; Rouslin, 1983). For the assessment of CI activity, among the ubiquinone isoprenologs, it is most convenient to use ubiquinone-1 (CoQ1) as electron acceptor, because of its relative water solubility. Importantly, CoQ1 yields one of the lowest rotenone insensitive rates and a high enzymatic rate. It is, therefore, the best electron acceptors for the CI assay.</br>:>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue]][[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet08.18 LactateDehydrogenase  + ('''Kuznetsov AV, Gnaiger E. Laboratory pro … '''Kuznetsov AV, Gnaiger E. Laboratory protocol: Lactate dehydrogenase. Cytosolic marker enzyme. Mitochondr Physiol Network 08.18.''' </br></br>Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) is an enzyme, which catalyzes the last step in glycolysis. LDH is a soluble enzyme and localized in the cytosol (cytoplasm). LDH, therefore, is used as a quantitative marker enzyme for the intact cell, its activity providing information on cellular glycolytic capacity (Renner et al, 2003). Measurement of LDH release (leakage) is an important and frequently applied test for cellular membrane permeabilization (rupture) and severe irreversible cell damage. LDH leakage normally correlates well with CK release and the trypan blue viability test.</br>:>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue]][[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet08.13 mt-Isolation-RLM  + ('''Lassnig B, Gnaiger E. Laboratory protoc … '''Lassnig B, Gnaiger E. Laboratory protocol: Isolation of rat liver mitochondria. Mitochondr Physiol Network 08.13.''' </br><br/></br></br><div style="padding:0px;border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:10px"></br><div style="font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.2em;padding-right: 0.4em;padding-left: 0.4em;background-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa;text-align:left;"></br>[[Image:O2k-support system.jpg|right|150px|link=http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/O2k-technical_support_and_open_innovation|O2k-technical support and open innovation]]</br>: <big>Open the '''pdf document''' above.</big></br></div></br><div style="background-color:#ffffff;padding-top:0.2em;padding-right: 0.4em;padding-bottom: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.4em;"></br>::::» Current O2k-series: '''[https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product-category/products/o2k-packages/ NextGen-O2k Series XB and O2k Series J]'''</br>::::» Current software versions DatLab 8.0: [[MitoPedia: DatLab]]</br>::::* ''Further details:'' '''» [[MitoPedia: O2k-Open Support]]'''</br></div></br></div></br>:>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue]]roboros O2k-Catalogue]])
• IOC10  + ('''Lectures on High-Resolution Respirometr … '''Lectures on High-Resolution Respirometry and Oroboros O2k Demonstration at BTK 1994.''' Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria; 1994 September.</br>:>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]]</br>:>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]][[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• Long Night of Research 2016 Innsbruck AT  + ('''Long Night of Research 2016: MitoFit – Training for the powerhouses of your blood- and muscle cells. Innsbruck, AT.''')
• Long Night of Research 2018 Innsbruck AT  + ('''Long Night of Research 2018: The diagnostic bioenergetic report – a milestone on the way to mitochondrial fitness and physical well-being. Innsbruck, AT.''')
• Long Night of Research 2020 Virtual Event  + ('''Long Night of Research 2020: The diagnostic bioenergetic report – a milestone on the way to mitochondrial fitness and physical well-being. Virtual Event.''')
• ESCI 2016 Paris FR  + ('''Meeting of the European Society for Clinical Investigation, Paris, FR''')
• IOC05  + ('''Metabolic Energetics in Ecological, Cellular and Biomedical Research.''' Aberystwyth Wales United Kingdom; 1993 March 01-03. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiP2023 Obergurgl AT  + ('''MiP2023, Obergurgl, Austria, 2023.''')
• MiPschool Obergurgl 2023  + ('''MiPschool, Obergurgl, Austria, 2023: Mitochondrial structure and function, respiratory supercomplexes, and respiratory control''')
• Jezek 2011 AbstractMitoComLectures  + ('''MitoCom Lecture''' '''2011-Nov-10, 8:1 … '''MitoCom Lecture'''</br></br>'''2011-Nov-10, 8:15 - 09:45'''. Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr. 25, Chirurgie (8-U1-517) Seminarraum 2</br></br>Speaker: '''[[Jezek P|Prof. Dr. Petr Jezek, Prague]]'''</br></br>Host: [[Gnaiger E|Erich Gnaiger, DSL, MitoCom Tyrol]]</br></br></br>'''Abstract''': Three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution microscopy, using a biplane detection scheme, termed biplane photo-activated localization microscopy (Biplane FPALM), enables imaging of volumes as thick as whole cells and reveals otherwise unaccessible details of cellular organization [1]. Hence, we attempted to visualize mitochondrial reticulum via the matrix space loaded with mitochondria-addressed Eos, while transfecting cells by lentiviral expression. Our 3D images of single Eos molecules in the matrix space have proven the continuous character of mitochondrial reticulum tubules, i.e., an existence of a highly interconnected major mitochondrial reticulum in insulinoma Ins1E and oxidative-phosphorylation-dependent glutaminolytic hepatoma HepG2 cells [2] (Figure).</br></br>Also, using Eos-conjugate of mitochondrial transcription factor-A (TFAM), we have imaged nucleoids of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in which TFAM represents a major assessor protein. Using PA-CFP2-TFAM and mitochondria-addressed Eos, the first 3D two color super-resolution images were obtained for mitochondrial reticulum together with the distribution of mt nucleoids in it. In intact cells we have found mt nucleoids of a narrow size distribution. The Biplane FPALM technique has proven to be robust and reliable for imaging of mitochondrion and related substructures.</br></br>Supported by grants P302/10/0346 (GACR); ME09029 (Czech Ministry of Education); IAA500110701, and M200110902 (Academy of Sciences).) and 1R01GM091791-02 (NIH). Disclosure statement: J.B. declares significant financial interest in Vutara, Inc.</br></br>[1] Juette MF, Gould TJ, Lessard MD, Mlodzianoski MJ, Nagpure BS, Bennett BT, Hess ST, Bewersdorf J (2008) 3D sub-100 nm resolution by biplane fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy. Nat. Methods 5: 527-529.</br></br>[2] Mlodzianoski MJ, Schreiner JM, Callahan SP, Smolková K, Dlasková A, Šantorová J, Ježek P, Bewersdorf J (2011) Sample drift correction in 3D fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy. Opt. Express. 19: 15009-15019.microscopy. Opt. Express. 19: 15009-15019.)
• MitoFit Open Seminar 2017-10-23  + ('''MitoFit Open Seminar on respiration, cryopreservation and viability test in human blood cells'''. Innsbruck, AT)
• UMDF2016 Seattle WA US  + ('''Mitochondrial Medicine 2016, Seattle, W … '''Mitochondrial Medicine 2016, Seattle, WA, USA.''' </br></br>The [[United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation]] Symposium has been recognized by many researchers, scientists, and families as THE symposium for mitochondrial disease in the world. 10 years ago, the UMDF had only a handful of exhibitors and less than 200 scientific attendees. We now have more exhibitors than space at times and close to 600 attendees … representing almost every state in the United States and more than 15 different countries from around the world.different countries from around the world.)
• UMDF2017 Washington DC US  + ('''Mitochondrial Medicine 2017, Washington DC, USA.''')
• MiPNet14.09 MiP-Collection  + ('''Mitochondrial Physiology (MiP) ''contin … '''Mitochondrial Physiology (MiP) ''continues a tradition of rigorous mitochondrial bioenergetics'' '''([http://www.mitophysiology.org quoting the International MiPsociety]). The company [[Oroboros Instruments]] Corp. values this tradition as a basis of our continuous instrumental development, which is part of our concept of Corporate Social Responsibility. In this spirit and with emphasis on our Educational Responsibility, we initiated and support the ''[[MiP-Collection]]''.[[MiP-Collection]]''.)

• Gnaiger 2011 Abstract-MonteVerita  + ('''Mitochondrial capacity''': [[OXPHOS]] … '''Mitochondrial capacity''': [[OXPHOS]] capacity is evaluated in isolated mitochondria (mt) and permeabilized cells with physiological substrate cocktails to reconstitute tricarboxylic acid cycle function. As a consequence, convergent electron flow from Complexes CI+II of the electron transfer-pathway ([[ET-pathway]]) to the [[Q-junction]] exerts an additive effect on flux [1].</br></br>'''Oxygen kinetics of mt-respiration''': The apparent ''K''_m,O2 or ''c''₅₀ [µM] (''p''₅₀ [kPa]) of mt-respiration increases linearly with respiratory capacity controlled by metabolic state, from 0.2 to 1.6 µM determined by [[high-resolution respirometry]]. O₂ gradients are significant only in large cells including cardiomyocytes. The apparent ''p''₅₀ increases 100-fold in permeabilized muscle fibers due to diffusion gradients [2].</br></br>'''mt-function at ''V''_O2max''': Aerobic capacity of the human leg muscle exceeds maximum O₂ uptake of isolated mitochondria [3] and v. lateralis during ''V''_O2max [4]. Therefore, oxygen supply limits aerobic performance, proportional to the apparent mt-excess capacity [5]. mt-respiration is more sensitive to average ''p''_O2 in heterogenous tissues than under homogenous conditions in vitro. Tissue heterogeneity increases the kinetic dependence of flux on average intracellular ''p''_O2. High mt-density reinforces the steepness of oxygen gradients and oxygen heterogeneity in the tissue, contributing to the O₂ limitation in athletic vs sedentary individuals at ''V''_O2max [6]. This provides a functional rationale for the observation that hypoxia does not specifically trigger mt-biogenesis [7].</br></br>Contribution to K-Regio ''[[MitoCom_O2k-Fluorometer|MitoCom Tyrol]]''.</br></br>[1] [[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]; [[Lemieux_2011_Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Lemieux et al 2011 Int J Biochem Cell Biol]] </br></br>[2] [[Gnaiger_2003_Adv Exp Med Biol|Gnaiger 2003]]; [[Scandurra_2010_Adv Exp Med Biol|Scandurra, Gnaiger 2010 Adv Exp Med Biol]]. </br></br>[3] Rasmussen et al 2001 AJP.</br></br>[4] [[Boushel_2011_Mitochondrion|Boushel et al 2011 Mitochondrion]].</br></br>[5] [[Gnaiger_1998_J_Exp_Biol|Gnaiger et al 1998 JEB]].</br></br>[6] Richardson et al; Haseler et al JAP.</br></br>[7] [[Pesta_2011_AJP|Pesta et al 2011 AJP]]; [[Jacobs_2011_J_Appl_Physiol|Jacobs et al 2011 JAP]].Jacobs_2011_J_Appl_Physiol|Jacobs et al 2011 JAP]].)
• MitoEAGLE preprint 2017-09-21  + ('''Note''': Subscript ‘§’ indicates throug … '''Note''': Subscript ‘§’ indicates throughout the text those parts, where ''potential differences'' provide a mathematically correct but physicochemically incomplete description and should be replaced by ''stoichiometric potential differences'' ([[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem |Gnaiger 1993b]]). A unified concept on vectorial motive transformations and scalar chemical reactions will be derived elsewhere (Gnaiger, in prep.). Appreciation of the fundamental distinction between ''differences of potential'' versus ''differences of stoichiometric potential'' may be considered a key to critically evaluate the arguments presented in Section 3 on the protonmotive force. Since this discussion appears to be presently beyond the scope of a MitoEAGLE position statement, Section 3 is removed from the next version and [[Gnaiger 2019 MitoFit Preprint Arch |'''final manuscript''']]. This section should become a topic of discussion within [[WG1 MitoEAGLE protocols, terminology, documentation |Working Group 1]] of the MitoEAGLE consortium, following a primary peer-reviewed publication of the concept of stoichiometric potential differences.t of stoichiometric potential differences.)
• IOC42  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' 2007 August 24, 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet14.03 IOC50  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria;2009 April 18 to 22. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet12.24 IOC44  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2007 December 12-16. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet11.06 IOC36  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry and MiPNet workshop.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2006 December 13 to 17. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet09.11 IOC29  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2004 December 9-13. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet11.03 IOC35 Schroecken  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry: O2k, TIP-2k and DatLab 4.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2006 August 18-22.)
• MiPNet09.05 IOC28  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolu … '''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry and MiPNet meeting.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2004 September 15-21.</br>:>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]]</br>:>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]][[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet13.04 IOC47  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken,Voralberg, Austria; 2008 July 12-16. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• IOC43 Montevideo UY 2007  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' 2007 September 1 and 6. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet11.02 IOC32  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolu … '''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry: Oroboros O2k, TIP-2k and DatLab 4.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2006 April 21-25.</br>:>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]]</br>:>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]][[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet10.08 IOC31  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry and ROS/NO detection.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2005 September 13-16.)
• MiPNet13.02 IOC46  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2008 April 04-08. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet14.15 IOC54  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2009 December 11 to 16. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet14.11 IOC53  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken, Voralberg,Austria; 2009 July 30 to August 04. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet14.02 IOC49  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Gainsville, USA; 2009 February 23-25. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet10.02 IOC30  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry: Oxygraph-2k, TIP-2k and DatLab 4.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2005 April 08-10.)
• MiPNet12.14 IOC39  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria; 2007 April 13 to 17. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet12.19 IOC41  + ('''O2k-International course on high-resolution respirometry.''' 2007 July 18-22. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet15.02 IOC56  + ('''O2k-MultiSensor Workshop.''' Schroecken, Voralberg, Austria;2010 April 12 to 16. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet10.05 O2-Concentration-Flux  + ('''O2k-Protocol for Oxygen flux''' In a … '''O2k-Protocol for Oxygen flux''' </br></br>In a closed oxygraph chamber, the oxygen concentration declines over time as a result of respiratory processes. The time derivative, therefore, is a negative number. Why is then the ‘rate of oxygen consumption’ not expressed as a negative value? Why is the term ‘oxygen flux’ used in this context of chemical reactions? The rationale is based on fundamental concepts of physical chemistry and non-equilibrium thermodynamics.</br>[[Image:O2k-Protocols.jpg|right|150px|link=http://www.oroboros.at/?o2k-protocols|O2k-Protocols contents]]</br>[[Image:MiPNet10.05.jpg|centre|500px|thumb]]</br></br>Respiratory oxygen flux: On-line display of oxygen concentration (blue) and oxygen flux (respiration, red). Endogenous respiration of endothelial cells leads to oxygen depletion, followed by reoxygenations (dotted arrows). Cell membrane permeabilization by digitonin causes a decline of respiration to the resting level (without adenylates in the medium, -ANP). ADP titration activates respiration about 2-fold above the endogenous level of oxygen consumption.</br></br>Eye-fitted slopes of oxygen chart recorder traces belong to the past. With [[DatLab|DatLab]], trends are resolved. Accuracy is improved by standard numerical corrections. Graphs and protocols are stored and printed ready for publication.</br></br></br>'''Reference'''</br></br>[[Gnaiger_1993_Pure_Appl_Chem| Gnaiger E (1993) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of energy transformations. Pure Appl Chem 65: 1983-2002.]]</br></br></br></br>:>> O2k-Protocols:[[O2k-Protocols| Overall contents]]</br>:>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]]os O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet08.17 IOC26  + ('''O2k-Training course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria; 2003 December 11-13. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet08.11 IOC24  + ('''O2k-Workshop and training course on high-resolution respirometry.''' Schroecken, Vorarlberg, Austria; 2003 September 09-12. :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])
• MiPNet17.10 IOC70  + ('''O2k-Workshop on High-Resolution Respirometry.''' Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; 2012 May 29 to 30 :>> O2k-Workshop: [[Oroboros Events| Current dates]] :>> Product: [[Oroboros O2k]], [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue | O2k-Catalogue]])