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Saleem 2023 MiPschool Obergurgl + ('''Authors:''' [[Saleem Ranim]] … '''Authors:''' [[Saleem Ranim]], [[Scott Graham R]] '''Introduction:''' High-altitude environments are characterized by cold temperatures and low O2 levels (hypoxia). Small mammals at high altitude thus face the metabolic challenge of maintaining thermogenesis to cope with cold in a hypoxic environment that can constrain aerobic ATP supply. Circulatory O2 delivery by the heart is essential for supporting tissue O2 demands, but it is unclear whether evolved or plastic changes in cardiac mitochondria help overcome constraints on thermogenesis in high-altitude environments. '''Method:''' We examined this issue in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Mice from populations native to high altitude and low altitude were born and raised in captivity, and adults were acclimated to warm (25 °C) normoxia or cold (5 °C) hypoxia (~12 kPa O2 for 5-6 weeks) in a full-factorial design. Mitochondrial function was studied by high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry in permeabilized tissue from left ventricles and was complemented by assays of several metabolic and antioxidant enzymes. '''Results and discussion:''' Mitochondrial capacities for oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport were similar between populations and were unaffected by acclimation to cold hypoxia, as were activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase. However, exposure to cold hypoxia increased activities of lactate dehydrogenase, which were also greater in highlanders than in lowlanders, likely to augment capacities for lactate oxidation. Furthermore, mitochondrial emission of reactive oxygen species was lower in highlanders than in lowlanders across environments, associated with lower levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls. Therefore, phenotypic plasticity and evolved changes in cardiac mitochondria help deer mice cope with metabolic challenges at high altitude. evolved changes in cardiac mitochondria help deer mice cope with metabolic challenges at high altitude. )
Saucedo-Rodriguez 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Saucedo-Rodriguez Maria Jose]] … '''Authors:''' [[Saucedo-Rodriguez Maria Jose]], [[Pecina Petr]], [[Cunatova Kristyna]], [[Vrbacky Marek]], [[Cajka T]], [[Mracek Tomas]], [[Pecinova Alena]] '''Introduction:''' Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) connects the TCA cycle by oxidizing succinate to fumarate and the respiratory chain by transferring electrons to ubiquinone. Mutations in SDH subunits have been associated with tumorigenesis as well as mitochondrial diseases. In this project, we focused on the flavoprotein subunit A of SDH (SDHA) which is primarily associated with inherited mitochondrial disease [1] and investigated the consequences of this subunit loss in HEK cells (SDHA KO). '''Methods:''' We performed structural and functional characterizations of the SDHA KO model involving protein electrophoresis to study OXPHOS complexes and subcomplexes, label-free quantification of protein levels, measurement of cellular respiration using high-resolution respirometry and determination of NAD+/NADH levels. '''Results and discussion:''' Together with SDHA, other SDH subunits were downregulated as well, leading to the absence of assembled SDH. Moreover, a secondary downregulation of the majority of complex I and IV subunits was observed. The cellular respiratory capacity was severely decreased in the model, with SDH-dependent respiration completely abolished and complex I-dependent respiration attenuated reflecting the downregulation of respiratory chain complexes in general. Finally, the NAD+/NADH ratio was increased in SDHA KO compared to the controls, indicating complex rearrangement of the TCA. The SDHA KO cells thus represent a suitable model to study metabolic rewiring and the effect of pathogenic SDHA mutations. # Rustin, P., Munnich, A., & Rötig, A. (2002). Succinate dehydrogenase and human diseases: new insights into a well-known enzyme. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200793 d human diseases: new insights into a well-known enzyme. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200793 )
Schoenfeld 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Schoenfeld Peter|Schönfeld P]], … '''Authors:''' [[Schoenfeld Peter|Schönfeld P]], [[Reiser G]] Distinct hypothalamic neurons sense blood levels of fatty acids (FA) and, thereby regulate caloric intake. Astrocytes have some capacity of β-oxidation. But, there are ongoing discussions on this question: Do neurons generally burn FA for energy generation?Respiration and membrane potential of mitochondria of rat brain (RBM) and, for comparison, of liver (RLM) were measured without and with octanoate (l-octanoylcarnitine). In addition, H2O2 generation was measured with Amplex Red.In line with previous studies, we found no evidence for a noteworthy β-oxidation of FA by RBM. This fits with theoretical considerations (1) and values obtained for capacities of enzymes of β-oxidation (2). But, these results contradict those of a previous study (3), reporting that RBM incubated with mixtures of FA (carnitine derivatives) plus other substrates (e.g. succinate) show substantial β-oxidation. What could be possible reasons for disregarding FA as energy substrates by neurons? These are mainly: (a) Harmful activities of non-esterified long-chain FA on mitochondria. (b) Burning of FA costs more oxygen than glucose burning with respect to the energy yield. (c) FA oxidation by mitochondria is associated with more sites of superoxide generation. (d) Neurons are equipped with poor antioxidative capacity. In conclusion, burning of FA would expose neurons to intolerably high oxidative stress.# Speijer D (2011] Oxygen radicals shaping evolution: Why fatty acid catabolism leads to peroxisomes while neurons do without it. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201000097# Yang SY, He XY, Schultz H (1987) Fatty acid oxidation in rat brain is limited by the low activity of 3-ketoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45161-7# Panov A, Orynbayeva Z, Vavilin V, Lyakhovich V (2014) Fatty acids in energy metabolism of the central nervous system. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/472459tabolism of the central nervous system. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/472459 )
Sobotka 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Sobotka Lubos]] … '''Authors:''' [[Sobotka Lubos]], [[Sobotka Ondrej]] Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, which is the cause of subsequent metabolic complications, including increased morbidity. Despite several decades of efforts to prevent the growth of obesity, its incidence continues to increase. We do not even know what ratio of nutrients is optimal for preventing obesity and insulin resistance, and the optimal ratio of carbohydrates to lipids has not been proven. Some studies, including calorimetric measurements performed at our workplace, have shown that the oxidation of individual substrates does not correspond to their ratio in the given diet. However, this apparent paradox makes sense because food intake in humans is intermittent and usually does not occur during increased or even maximal physical activity. Energy and metabolic substrates are stored in the body during intake and are subsequently mobilized during periods of starvation and physical activity. As a result, the human body is never in true energy balance; storage and subsequent mobilization of energy is necessary for a functioning organism. In addition, carbohydrates, fats and proteins are not only a source of energy, but also important substances with many functions [1]. After ingestion of a mixed meal, carbohydrates (especially glucose) are used for both oxidation and non-oxidative pathways (antioxidant, anaplerotic, cataplerotic processes). Only a relatively small fraction of glucose is a source for new lipid synthesis. Ingested fats are preferentially stored in adipose tissue and does not influence carbohydrate oxidation. The lack of glucose can explain more insulin resistance in whole organism than Randle cycle measured in vitro conditions [2].# Sobotka L, Sobotka O. The predominant role of glucose as a building block and precursor of reducing equivalents. https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000786 # Sobotka O, et al. Should Carbohydrate Intake Be More Liberal during Oral and Enteral Nutrition in Type 2 Diabetic Patients? https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020439in Type 2 Diabetic Patients? https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020439 )
Stanic 2023 MiPschool Obergurgl + ('''Authors:''' [[Stanic Sara]] … '''Authors:''' [[Stanic Sara]], [[Janovska Petra]], [[Zouhar Petr]], [[Bardova K]], [[Otahal J]], [[Vrbacky Marek]], [[Mracek Tomas]], [[Adamcova K]], [[Lenkova L]], [[Funda J]], [[Cajka T]], [[Drahota Zdenek]], [[Rustan Arlid C]], [[Horakova Olga]], [[Houstek Josef]], [[Rosmeissl M]], [[Kopecky Jan]] '''Introduction:''' Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) is an energy-dissipating process that occurs in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and is activated by the adrenergic system. Earlier studies found that cold induces adrenergically activated NST in obesity-prone C57BL/6 (B6) mice, but not in obesity-resistant A/J mice. To investigate this difference, we studied the effect of cold acclimation on muscle NST. '''Methods:''' Palmitoyl carnitine oxidation and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity (TMPD+ascorbate and KCN) was measured in muscle homogenates of A/J and B6 mice acclimated to 30 °C or to 6 °C using Oroboros Oxygraph. In parallel, amount of mitochondrial supercomplexes was assessed by Blue native electrophoresis. '''Results and discussion:''' As expected, muscle of A/J mice exhibited higher amount of Scaf1 dependent supercomplex III2IV than muscle of B6 mice, and this amount was further increased by cold acclimation. Both palmitoyl carnitine oxidation and COX activity were induced by cold in A/J but not in B6 mice. The higher oxidation capacity of muscle of cold acclimated A/J mice, possibly connected with supercomplex composition, may indicate that muscle represents the site of alternative NST instead of BAT in these mice. The distinct mechanism of NST could correspond to obesity resistance of this strain. # Janovska P. et al (2023) Impairment of adrenergically-regulated thermogenesis in brown fat of obesity-resistant mice is compensated by non-shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101683rmogenesis in skeletal muscle. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101683 )
Stankova 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Stankova Pavla]] … '''Authors:''' [[Stankova Pavla]], [[Peterova E]], [[Dusek J]], [[Elkalaf Moustafa]], [[Cervinkova Zuzana]], [[Kucera Otto]] '''Introduction:''' In our previous study in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we found reduced succinate-activated hepatic mitochondrial respiration and accumulation of succinate, a proinflammatory, profibrogenic, and oncogenic metabolite [1]. According to preliminary studies, telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, positively affects insulin resistance and liver steatosis. This project aimed to investigate the effect of telmisartan on NASH in mice. '''Methods:''' The NASH was induced in male mice fed a western-style diet (WD) for 36 weeks. During the last 6 weeks of the experiments, mice were administered daily telmisartan (oral gavage, 5 mg/kg b.w./day). Liver and epididymal fat histological changes were evaluated (Hematoxylin-eosin, Sirius red). Body parameters, plasma liver profile (VetScan), hepatic triglycerides, cholesterol, and the expression of selected proteins (WB/ELISA) and genes (qRT-PCR) were assessed. Mitochondrial respiration of liver homogenates was measured by high-resolution respirometry (OROBOROS Oxygraph-2k). Using Reporter Gene assay, telmisartan's activation of nuclear receptors was evaluated on HepG2 cells. '''Results and discussion:''' Administration of telmisartan to mice fed a WD reduced absolute and relative liver weight and visceral adipose tissue weight, activities of ALT and AST, liver steatosis, and inflammation grade. These effects were accompanied by a significant increase in succinate-activated respiration in the ET state and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase. We confirmed that telmisartan is a PPAR-γ partial agonist and described the activating effect of telmisartan on the CAR receptor for the first time. Telmisartan appears to be a promising safety drug for treating NASH that affects metabolism at multiple levels. # Staňková P, Kučera O, Peterová E, Elkalaf M, Rychtrmoc D, Melek J, Podhola M, Zubáňová V, Červinková Z (2021) Western Diet Decreases the Liver Mitochondrial Oxidative Flux of Succinate: Insight from a Murine NAFLD Model. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136908ght from a Murine NAFLD Model. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136908 )
Stiles 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Stiles Linsey]] … '''Authors:''' [[Stiles Linsey]], [[Fernandez-del-Rio L]], [[Beninca C]], [[Acin-Perez R]], [[Shirihai Orian]] Impaired mitochondrial function has been shown to play a key role in diseases of metabolism and aging. Respirometry is the gold standard measurement of mitochondrial function, as it is an integrated metabolic readout of the final step of the electron transport chain (ETC). However, analysis of mitochondrial respiratory function in tissue requires processing and measurement of freshly isolated mitochondria. This requirement makes respirometry impracticable for standard clinical practice, clinical studies, retrospective studies, and higher throughput respirometry. We have validated a methodology to measure maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates through Complex I, II, and IV of the ETC in previously frozen biological samples using Agilent XF Analyzers. Additionally, Complex V (CV) ATP hydrolytic activity can be measured with the pH channel. These measurements of Complex I-V activities are specific as demonstrated by inhibition with ETC inhibitors. Additionally, these approaches can be applied to tissue homogenates, which simplifies the sample preparation and reduces the required starting material compared with isolating mitochondria. We find that primary changes in the maximal respiratory capacity, detected in fresh tissue, are preserved in frozen samples. These techniques to measure mitochondrial maximal respiratory function and CV hydrolytic activity in frozen samples makes clinical mitochondrial assessment more feasible and adds a complementary approach to investigate the role of mitochondrial function in disease onset and progression.tochondrial function in disease onset and progression.)
Timon-Gomez 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Timon-Gomez Alba]] … '''Authors:''' [[Timon-Gomez Alba]], [[Cardoso Luiza HD]], [[Doerrier Carolina]], [[Garcia-Souza Luiz F]], [[Gnaiger Erich]] '''Introduction:''' Mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle tissue is associated with obesity (mitObesity) and its comorbidities. Many drugs and nutraceuticals used to treat these conditions target mitochondria. Early diagnosis of mitObesity is crucial for understanding the link between obesity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and its associated chronic comorbidities. Respirometry of mitochondrial preparations can assess electron transfer pathways and coupling in oxidative metabolism with high diagnostic resolution [1]. '''Methods:''' We developed a standardized protocol for functional diagnosis of mitochondrial defects using high-resolution respirometry [2]. This substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol analyzes fatty acid oxidation (FAO) by adding 0.1 mM malate and octanoylcarnitine, with consideration of malate-linked anaplerosis to avoid overestimation of FAO [3-4]. The protocol is extended to stimulate the NADH-linked pathway by adding pyruvate and glutamate. Then succinate and glycerophosphate are titrated to investigate convergent CoQ-reducing pathways. A stepwise titration of uncoupler CCCP allows quantification of the electron transfer capacity. Residual oxygen consumption is assessed after inhibition by rotenone and antimycin A. '''Results and discussion:''' To quantify FAO, malate was needed to avoid inhibition by accumulating acetyl-CoA. However, in the presence of mitochondrial malic enzyme, 2 mM malate stimulated respiration through the NADH-linked pathway in liver and brain mitochondria. Anaplerotic activity above endogenous respiration was minimized at a low (0.1 mM) malate concentration and subtracted from respiration obtained after addition of octanoylcarnitine. This SUIT reference protocol can be used as a general diagnostic tool for bioenergetic profiling in various sample preparations from different cell types, tissues, and organisms. # Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th ed. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002# Doerrier C, Garcia-Souza LF, Krumschnabel G, Wohlfarter Y, Mészáros AT, Gnaiger E (2018) High-Resolution FluoRespirometry and OXPHOS protocols for human cells, permeabilized fibers from small biopsies of muscle, and isolated mitochondria. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7831-1_3 # Ojuka E, Andrew B, Bezuidenhout N, George S, Maarman G, Madlala HP, Mendham A, Osiki PO (2016) Measurement of β-oxidation capacity of biological samples by respirometry: a review of principles and substrates. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00475.2015# Bernstine EG, Koh C, Lovelace CC (1979) Regulation of mitochondrial malic enzyme synthesis in mouse brain. https://www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.12.6539synthesis in mouse brain. https://www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.12.6539 )
Strich 2023 MiPschool Obergurgl + ('''Authors:''' [[Torres-Quesada Omar]] … '''Authors:''' [[Torres-Quesada Omar]], [[Strich Sophie]], [[Feichtner Andreas]], [[Schwaighofer Selina]], [[Doerrier Carolina]], [[Schmitt Sabine]], [[Gnaiger Erich]], [[Stefan Eduard]] Protein kinases play an important role in numerous signaling pathways regulating cell proliferation, cell cycle, and metabolism. Deregulation of kinase functions have been connected to various human diseases, such as cancer [1]. In recent years, kinase inhibitors have gained recognition by aiming to block single or multiple oncogenic kinase pathways [2]. In these lines, blockade of kinase activities has been shown to converge on the central energetic organelle, the mitochondria [3, 4]. Furthermore, colon cancer cells rely on mitochondrial OXPHOS as major source of energy, contradicting the Warburg effect [5]. To increase the understanding of small molecule-based kinase blockers and their cell-type-specific adverse effects, we set out to record the impact of kinase drugs on mitochondrial respiration using High-resolution FluoRespirometry in several colon cancer cell models. We observed that the impact of kinase inhibitors depends on the mutational background of the tested cancer cell lines as well as on cell culture medium formulations [6]. First, we detected off-target effects of sunitinib, an FDA-approved multikinase blocker, only in a more physiological cell culture medium as compared with classical formulations. Second, mitochondrial profiling of the glycolytic kinase inhibitor PFK158 revealed off-target mitochondrial dysfunction. Third, we were able to show that inhibition of kinase signaling is connected to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be influenced by protein kinase modulators. In summary, cell-based mitochondrial bioenergetic profiles have the power to identify off-target effects of kinase inhibitors and allow a detailed mechanistic insight on drug-induced perturbations in cancer cell metabolism.# Cohen, P, Cross, D, Jänne, PA (2021). Kinase drug discovery 20 years after imatinib: progress and future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 20(7):551-569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00195-4 # Zhang J, Yang PL, Gray NS (2009). Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2559 # Wallace, DC (2012). Mitochondria and Cancer Nat. Rev. Cancer, 12, 685–698. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3365 # Torres-Quesada O, Strich S, Stefan E (2022). Kinase perturbations redirect mitochondrial function in cancer. Bioenerg. Commun. 2022,13. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2022-0013# Sun, X., Zhan, L., Chen, Y. et al. (2018) Increased mtDNA copy number promotes cancer progression by enhancing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer. Sig Transduct Target Ther 3, 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-018-0011-z # Torres-Quesada, O, Doerrier, C, Strich, S, Gnaiger, E, Stefan, E (2022). Physiological Cell Culture Media Tune Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Drug Sensitivity in Cancer Cell Models. Cancers, 14, 3917. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14163917ancers, 14, 3917. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14163917 )
Ullrich 2023 MiPschool Obergurgl + ('''Authors:''' [[Ullrich Volker]] … '''Authors:''' [[Ullrich Volker]], [[Heidler Juliana]], [[Schildknecht S]], [[Daiber Andreas]], [[Frensch M]], [[Wittig Ilka]], [[Bruene B]] '''Introduction:''' Micelles containing cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylcholine in presence of cytochrome ''c'' (Cytc) and H2O2 were reported to catalyze peroxidationes of typical peroxidase substrates but also of CL itself (Kagan et. al, Biochem. 45,4998, 2006). This can be explained by complex formation of CL with Cytc under removal of the Met80 sixth ligand of the heme. '''Methods:''' O2 consumption was measured polarographically (Orobos Instruments) and diene formation spectrally at 237 nm. '''Results and Discussion:''' Cytc addition to CL micelles caused a burst of O2 uuptake that could be repeated until CL or O2 were depleted. About 4.5 mol of O2/mol CL were taken up forming products with mainly 2,4,6 or 8 additional O-atoms. Diene formation initially followed the same kinetics but stopped or was reversed before O2 uptake was completed. In presence of 2 M KCl Cytc acted catalytically with slower kinetics in three phases and showed oxidative modifications of the protein. The required peroxide tone originated from autoxidized CL and was upregulated during progress of the reaction. Significance for the process of opening of the permeability pore is suggested. autoxidized CL and was upregulated during progress of the reaction. Significance for the process of opening of the permeability pore is suggested. )
Valencia 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Valencia Ana P]] … '''Authors:''' [[Valencia Ana P]], [[Melhorn Susan J]], [[Schur Ellen A]], [[Marcinek David J]] '''Introduction:''' Weight loss (WL) promotes counterregulatory mechanisms that may involve mitochondrial (MITO) function to limit cardiometabolic benefit. This study compared T-cell MITO function in states of obesity (OB), active weight loss (OB-WL), weight loss plateau (OB-PL), regain (OB-RG), and healthy weight (HWC). '''Methods:''' Participants with obesity (61.5%female, 39.5±10.8 yr, BMI 36.7±6.4) underwent a 24-week WL intervention and transmitted their daily weight for 18 months. T-cells (CD3+) were isolated from blood samples obtained at baseline, 6-month, or 12-months. We measured MITO respiratory capacity (MITO-RC) (XFe Analyzer) and sensitivity of membrane depolarization with ADP (IC50) (O2K Fluorespirometer). '''Results:''' Compared to HWC, MITO-RC was lower in OB T-cells (4.1±1.7 vs. 3.3±1.0 pmol O2/106 cells, p<0.05), and even lower in OB-PL (3.0±0.7, p<0.05) and OB-RG (2.7±0.3, p<0.05). Maximal membrane potential was also lower in the OB group and remained low in all phases of WL. IC50 did not differ in T-cells between HWC and OB but was lower in OB-WL and OB-PL (156±15 vs. 7±1 & 22±5, p<0.05). '''Conclusions:''' T-cell MITO respiratory capacity is reduced in obesity and further aggravated in response to WL, particularly following a plateau. However, WL improved ADP sensitivity, suggesting a potential counterregulatory mechanism to meet energy demand. Findings suggest that the MITO function of T-cells is not restored by WL to resemble HWC and is rather altered in a way that could potentially limit cardiometabolic benefit of WL. L to resemble HWC and is rather altered in a way that could potentially limit cardiometabolic benefit of WL. )
Vujacic-Mirski 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Vujacic-Mirski Ksenija]] … '''Authors:''' [[Vujacic-Mirski Ksenija]], [[Sudowe S]] The impairment of mitochondrial respiration, observed in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and migraine headaches, has emerged as a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunctions [1]. Newer research are also trying to link conditions such as chronic fatigue, depression and other behaviour/mood disorders with mitochondrial malfunctioning [2]. In our study, we examined 88 (relatively) healthy volunteers, ages from 23 to 68, from which 36 individuals were taking some sort of medication (such as for asthma, high blood pressure, mood disorders), but they considered themselves fit and healthy. Volunteers were ask to follow their normal routines day prior the test. The blood was drawn 3 h before PBMCs isolation, followed by immediate Seahorse XF Cell Mito Stress Test (Agilent) on SeahorseXF96e instrument (Agilent). Our analysis consisted of carefully examining parameters of mitochondrial respiration: basal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, reserve capacity, maximal respiration, proton leak, non-mitochondrial respiration as well as bioenergetics health index (BHI) [3]. We observed difference between people who took some sort of medication for chronic but manageable comorbidities and completely healthy individuals. There was significant difference between BHI, reserve capacity, coupling efficiency and proton leak. We also observed that people who had regular sport activities (in the healthy group without any medication) seem to have lower proton leak. This difference was not significant but points out to the lifestyle impact to mitochondria [4]. # Petrus, A T et al. (2019) Assessment of platelet respiration as emerging biomarker of disease. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934032# Zvěřová M et al. (2019) Disturbances of mitochondrial parameters to distinguish patients with depressive episode of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S188964# Chacko, Balu K et al. (2014) The Bioenergetic Health Index: a new concept in mitochondrial translational research. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20140101 # Janssen, Joëlle J E et al. (2022) Extracellular flux analyses reveal differences in mitochondrial PBMC metabolism between high-fit and low-fit females. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00365.2021w-fit females. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00365.2021 )
Whitcomb 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Whitcomb Luke A]] … '''Authors:''' [[Whitcomb Luke A]], [[Li Puma Lance C]], [[Zilhaver PT]], [[Izon CS]], [[Chicco Adam J]] Myocardial ischemia causes pathological increases in cardiomyocyte mitochondrial calcium (Ca++), which trigger a series of events that contribute to cell death and myocardial necrosis. Previous studies in our lab and others indicate that metabolites of phosholipid-derived arachidonic acid (AA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), contribute to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in response to Ca++ overload, leading to mitochondrial swelling, rupture, and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1,2]. We hypothesized that age-related increases in these parameters result in part from greater mitochondrial production of AA from its abundant membrane PUFA precursor linoleic acid (LA) in response to Ca++ overload. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated effects of 50-400 µM Ca++ on O2 consumption, ROS release and mPTP opening in cardiac mitochondria isolated from young (3 mo) and aged (24 mo) BALB/c mice in the presence or absence of an inhibitor of delta-6 desaturase (D6D), the rate-limiting enzyme in AA biosynthesis from LA. Results demonstrate that cardiac mitochondria from old mice release more ROS during oxidative phosphorylation and undergo more mPTP opening in response to Ca++ overload than mitochondria from young mice. D6D inhibition significantly attenuates these responses in both young and old mitochondria, but had greater impacts on old, largely abolishing the effect of aging on both ROS release and mPTP opening. Similar attenuation of mPTP opening was seen following inhibition of lipoxygenase enzymes (Baicalein), consistent with the hypothesized links between mitochondrial AA synthesis, eicosanoid production and mPTP in regulating responses of cardiac mitochondria to Ca++ overload. # Moon SH, Jenkins CM, Liu X, Guan S, Mancuso DJ, Gross RW (2012) Activation of mitochondrial calcium-independent phospholipase A2 gamma by divalent cations mediating arachidonate release and production of downstream eicosanoids. https://10.1074/jbc.M111.336776 # Moon SH, Jenkins CM, Kiebish MA, Sims HF, Mancuso DJ, Gross RW (2012) Genetic Ablation of Calcium-independent Phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ) attenuates calcium-induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and resultant cytochrome ''c''. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.373654 uced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and resultant cytochrome ''c''. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.373654 )
Wohlfarter 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Wohlfarter Yvonne]] … '''Authors:''' [[Wohlfarter Yvonne]], [[Eidelpes R]], [[Yu RD]], [[Sailer S]], [[Koch Jakob]], [[Karall Daniela]], [[Scholl‑Buergi S]], [[Amberger A]], [[Hillen HS]], [[Zschocke J]], [[Keller Markus A]] '''Introduction:''' Human 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 10 (HSD10) is a crucial enzyme located in mitochondria that participates in isoleucine catabolism and is part of the mitochondrial RNase P complex [1,2]. Mutations in the ''HSD10B17'' gene have been linked to HSD10 disease, which causes progressive cardiomyopathy and cognitive function loss [3]. Recently, HSD10 has been reported to possess a phospholipase C-like activity towards cardiolipins, which are essential mitochondrial membrane lipids involved in various processes such as super-complex assembly, cristae formation, and apoptotic signaling cascades [4]. The transacylase tafazzin is remodeling cardiolipin side chains, and its deficiency leads to high levels of monolyso-cardiolipins and abnormal cardiolipin patterns [5]. '''Methods:''' To explore the role of HSD10 in cardiolipin homeostasis, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of cardiolipin profiles in different cellular contexts by means of LC-MS/MS [6]: We investigated the impact of HSD10 knockdown in wild-type cells, in a tafazzin-deficient background, and in fibroblasts derived from HSD10-deficient patients. Additionally, by supplementation with fatty acids such as linoleic acid and palmitic acid we simulated different lipid environments. '''Results and Discussion:''' We found no evidence for the enzyme function of HSD10 to be involved in cardiolipin homeostasis in all conditions examined [6]. Thus, its previously reported cardiolipin cleaving function is likely to be regarded as an ''in vitro'' artefact. However, the HSD10's structural importance in the mitochondrial RNase P complex underscores its essential role in cellular function [7]. We show that the enzyme has evolved with significant evolutionary constraints to maintain this structure, possibly at the expense of achieving a high degree of substrate specificity and reaction rates [6].# Zschocke J, Ruiter JPN, Brand J, et al (2000) Progressive Infantile Neurodegeneration Caused by 2-Methyl-3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: A Novel Inborn Error of Branched-Chain Fatty Acid and Isoleucine Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200012000-00025# Bhatta A, Dienemann C, Cramer P, Hillen HS. (2021) Structural basis of RNA processing by human mitochondrial RNase P. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-021-00637-y# Zschocke J. (2012) HSD10 disease: clinical consequences of mutations in the HSD17B10 gene. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-011-9415-4# Boynton TO, Shimkets LJ. (2015) Myxococcus CsgA, Drosophila Sniffer, and human HSD10 are cardiolipin phospholipases. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.268482.115# Oemer G, Koch J, Wohlfarter Y, Lackner K, Gebert REM, Geley S, et al. (2022) The lipid environment modulates cardiolipin and phospholipid constitution in wild type and tafazzin-deficient cells. https://doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12433# Wohlfarter Y, Eidelpes R, Yu RD, Sailer S, Koch J, Karall D, et al. (2022) Lost in promiscuity? An evolutionary and biochemical evaluation of HSD10 function in cardiolipin metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04682-8# Zschocke J, Byers PH, Wilkie AOM. (2023) Mendelian inheritance revisited: dominance and recessiveness in medical genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-023-00574-0 n medical genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-023-00574-0 )
Yardeni 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Yardeni Tal]] … '''Authors:''' [[Yardeni Tal]] Both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages and the gut microbiota have been correlated with altered risk for a variety of human diseases including obesity. However, the mechanisms by which mtDNA variation and the gut microbiota modulate disease risk remains unknown. Our hypothesis is that both the gut microbiota and the immune system are modulated by the mitochondrial genome, in part through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production, forming a critical link between the gut microbiota and disease initiation and progression.Our studies showed significant differences in gut microbiota in our conplastic mice which differ in their mtDNA lineages. Further, the transfer of the gut microbiota from a host of one mitochondrial genotype to a host of different mitochondrial genotypes shifted the gut microbiota composition toward that of the recipient animal. Moreover, we showed that host mtROS levels modulated the composition of the gut microbiota. Those conplastic mice also exhibit markedly different capacities to sustain melanoma tumor growth. Relative to control mtDNA (mtDNAB6) mice, the mice harboring NZB mtDNAs (mtDNANZB) have strong anti-tumor immune response while those with129 mtDNA (mtDNA129) are the opposite. Reduction of mtROS by expression of mitochondrial catalase (mtCAT)Tg only in the hematopoietic cells changed the gut microbiota and obviated the anti-tumor effects on the mtDNANZB and mtDNAB6 mice. These observations suggest that disease severity (melanoma), and gut microbiota are regulated by the mtDNA's regulation of mtROS production in host immune cells, pointing to new potential pathways for understanding diseases etiology.lation of mtROS production in host immune cells, pointing to new potential pathways for understanding diseases etiology.)
Granata 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:''' [[Zweck Elric]] … '''Authors:''' [[Zweck Elric]], [[Piel Sarah]], [[Chadt A]], [[Al-Hasani H]], [[Kelm M]], [[Szendroedi Julia]], [[Roden Michael]], [[Granata Cesare]] '''Introduction:''' Ketone bodies (KB) are important substrates for the heart, particularly during heart failure [1], kidney [2], brain, skeletal muscle, and other organs [3]. Despite their significant role in health and disease [4], very limited research is available investigating KB-linked ATP production in mammalian tissues [5]; moreover, no optimized protocols exist to assess the interplay of key enzymes involved in ketolysis and their respective contribution to OXPHOS capacity. '''Methods:''' β-hydroxybutyrate (HBA)- and acetoacetate (ACA)-linked mitochondrial respiration was assessed in the heart left ventricle (LV), kidney, liver, brain, and soleus of ~18-24-week-old C57BL/6J female mice (n=6-8). A novel protocol combining KB-linked and complex I (CI)+CII-linked mitochondrial respiration was also devised. '''Results and discussion:''' The Km for HBA was similar (~1 mM) in all tested organs. However, maximal HBA-linked respiration was different between organs (p<0.001), i.e., greater in the LV and liver (~32 pmol O2·s-1·mg-1), and lowest in the brain (5.2 pmol O2·s-1·mg-1). This protocol allows to determine β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in the liver. The Km for ACA and maximal ACA-linked respiration were greater in the kidney compared to the other tested organs (all p<0.050). Our novel KB+CI+CII combined respiration protocol indicated that the KB contribution to maximal respiration is 2- to 4-fold greater in the kidney (37.4 %) compared to all other organs (all p<0.050), confirming the kidney’s reliance on KB metabolism [2]. Taken together, our novel protocols demonstrate an organ-specific response of mitochondrial respiration to different KBs. # Aubert, G., et al., The failing heart relies on ketone bodies as a fuel. Circulation, 2016. 133(8): p. 698-705. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017355# Forbes, J.M. and D.R. Thorburn, Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 2018. 14(5): p. 291-312. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2018.9# Robinson, A.M. and D.H. Williamson, Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues. Physiological reviews, 1980. 60(1): p. 143-187. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1980.60.1.143# Puchalska, P. and P.A. Crawford, Metabolic and signaling roles of ketone bodies in health and disease. Annual review of nutrition, 2021. 41: p. 49-77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-111518# Petrick, H.L., et al., In vitro ketone‐supported mitochondrial respiration is minimal when other substrates are readily available in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiology, 2020. 598(21): p. 4869-4885. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280032en other substrates are readily available in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiology, 2020. 598(21): p. 4869-4885. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280032 )
Kolonics 2023 MiP2023 + ('''Authors:'''[[Kolonics Attila]] … '''Authors:'''[[Kolonics Attila]], [[Kawamura T]], [[Szipoecs R]], [[Radak Z]] Aging leads to a loss of muscle mass and a decline in skeletal muscle function (1) leading to imbalance between glucose and lipid metabolism (2). Low exercise capacity is highly correlated with skeletal muscle dysfunction and metabolic disorders (3). Age-associated factors intrinsic to the muscle, including defects in NAD+ synthesis (4), reduced mitochondrial copy number (5), and epigenomic changes affecting the expression of metabolic genes (6) reported. We aimed to characterize mitochondrial fitness of liver in an inborn low- versus high-capacity runners (LCR/HCR) aged female rats to study the spread of metabolic dysfunction. LCR/HCR rats (44th generation, 24 months old) used were artificially selected from genetically heterogeneous N:NIH stock (7). NAD(P)H lifetime imaging (FLIM) characterized liver metabolism in frozen tissues; basal and succinate induced ROS production was evaluated by Amplex Red in the presence of horseradish peroxidase, ΔΨmt by TMRE in intact liver mitochondria. HCR group was less vulnerable to metabolic disorder comparing to LCR group proofed by decreased body mass and increased VO2max. It was further supported by mitochondrial analysis of intact liver mitochondria. Basal ROS production showed no difference between LCR and HCR groups although succinate induced ROS production was higher in LCR group at identical ΔΨmt. NAD(P)H FLIM uncovered subtle alterations: LCR groups had significantly less free NADH comparing to HCR groups (Fig.1). In conclusion, epigenetic changes induced decline of metabolism correlated with deterioration of liver mitochondrial fitness. Succinate induced ROS-production at same membrane potential negatively correlated with free NADH-level. # Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Lutz KJ, Evans WJ (1985) A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1991 Aug;71(2):644-50 http://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.2.644 # Gheller BJ, Riddle ES, Lem MR, Thalacker-Mercer AE (2016) Understanding Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Differences Between Females and Males. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016 Jul 17;36:129-56 http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050901# Biolo G, Cederholm T, Muscaritoli M (2014) Muscle contractile and metabolic dysfunction is a common feature of sarcopenia of aging and chronic diseases: from sarcopenic obesity to cachexia. Clin Nutr. 2014 Oct;33(5):737-48 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.007# Yoshino J, Mills KF, Yoon MJ, Imai S (2011) Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key NAD(+) intermediate, treats the pathophysiology of diet- and age-induced diabetes in mice. Cell Metab. 2011 Oct 5;14(4):528-36 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.014# Barazzoni R, Short KR, Nair KS (2000) Effects of aging on mitochondrial DNA copy number and cytochrome c oxidase gene expression in rat skeletal muscle, liver, and heart. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb4; 275(5): 3343-7 http://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.5.3343# Jiang MH, Fei J, Lan MS, Lu ZP, Liu M, Fan WW, Gao X, Lu DR (2008) Hypermethylation of hepatic Gck promoter in ageing rats contributes to diabetogenic potential. Diabetologia. 2008 Aug;51(8):1525-33 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-008-1034-8# Koch LG, Britton SL (2007) Artificial selection for intrinsic aerobic endurance running capacity in rats. Physiol Genomics. 2001 Feb 7;5(1):45-52 http://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.2001.5.1.45 running capacity in rats. Physiol Genomics. 2001 Feb 7;5(1):45-52 http://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.2001.5.1.45 )
Kayastha 2023 MiPschool Obergurgl + ('''Authours:''' [[Kayastha Pushpalata]] … '''Authours:''' [[Kayastha Pushpalata]], [[Wieczorkiewicz Filip]], [[Kaczmarek Lukasz]], [[Poprawa Izabela]] Tardigrada (water bears) are well known for their ability to undergo cryptobiosis and survival in extreme conditions. The best-known type of cryptobiosis for their survival is anhydrobiosis i.e. response to lack of water. In this state tardigrades are able to tolerate high pressure, very high and low temperatures, space vacuum, and high levels of UV, and ionizing radiation. These results in various ultrastructural changes in tardigrades, including in mitochondria. We analyzed the effect of different temperatures (20 °C, 35 °C, 37 °C, 40 °C and 42 °C) on the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the tardigrade ''Paramacrobiotus experimentalis'' Kaczmarek et al. 2020. Analyzes were conducted in active specimens, specimens in anhydrobiosis (tun), and rehydrated specimens. The analysis will provide knowledge about changes in the ultrastructure of tardigrades caused by different temperatures. Our results will also determine whether anhydrobiosis protects against temperature-induced ultrastructural changes.s against temperature-induced ultrastructural changes.)
Schneider 2010 Gastroenterology + ('''BACKGROUND & AIMS:''' Liver ischemi … '''BACKGROUND & AIMS:''' Liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a frequent cause of organ dysfunction. Loss of the oxygen sensor prolyl hydroxylase domain enzyme 1 (PHD1) causes tolerance of skeletal muscle to hypoxia. We assessed whether loss or short-term silencing of PHD1 could likewise induce hypoxia tolerance in hepatocytes and protect them against hepatic I/R damage.'''METHODS:''' Hepatic ischemia was induced in mice by clamping of the portal vessels of the left lateral liver lobe; 90 minutes later livers were reperfused for 8 hours for I/R experiments. Hepatocyte damage following ischemia or I/R was investigated in PHD1-deficient (PHD1(-/-)) and wild-type mice or following short hairpin RNA-mediated short-term inhibition of PHD1 ''in vivo''.'''RESULTS:''' PHD1(-/-) livers were largely protected against acute ischemia or I/R injury. Among mice subjected to hepatic I/R followed by surgical resection of all nonischemic liver lobes, more than half of wild-type mice succumbed, whereas all PHD1(-/-) mice survived. Also, short-term inhibition of PHD1 through RNA interference-mediated silencing provided protection against I/R. Knockdown of PHD1 also induced hypoxia tolerance of hepatocytes ''in vitro''. Mechanistically, loss of PHD1 decreased production of oxidative stress, which likely relates to a decrease in oxygen consumption as a result of a reprogramming of hepatocellular metabolism.'''CONCLUSIONS:''' Loss of PHD1 provided tolerance of hepatocytes to acute hypoxia and protected them against I/R-damage. Short-term inhibition of PHD1 is a novel therapeutic approach to reducing or preventing I/R-induced liver injury.ducing or preventing I/R-induced liver injury.)
Gam 2011 Clin Physiol Funct Imaging + ('''BACKGROUND AND AIMS:'''We investigated … '''BACKGROUND AND AIMS:'''We investigated whether in patients with liver cirrhosis reduced muscle strength is related to dysfunction of muscle mitochondria.'''METHODS:''' The mitochondrial respiratory capacity of the tibial anterior muscle was evaluated in seven patients and eight healthy control subjects by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS) to express ATP turnover in vivo and by respirometry of permeabilized fibres from the same muscle to express the in vitro capacity for oxygen consumption.'''RESULTS:''' Maximal voluntary contraction force for plantar extension was low in the patients (46% of the control value; P < 0.05), but neither the capacity for mitochondrial ATP synthesis, V(max-ATP) (0.38 ± 0.26 vs. 0.50 ± 0.07 mM s(-1) ; P = 0.13) nor the in vitro VO(2max) (0.52 ± 0.21 vs. 0.48 ± 0.21 μmol O2 (min g wet wt.)(-1) P = 0.25) were lowered correspondingly. Also, the activity of citrate synthesis and the respiratory chain complexes II and IV were similar in patients and controls. However during the contractions, the contribution to initial anaerobic ATP production from glycolysis relative to that from PCr was reduced in the patients (0.73 ± 0.22 vs. 0.99 ± 0.09; P < 0.01).'''CONCLUSIONS:''' The results demonstrate that the markedly lower capacity for force generation in patients with liver cirrhosis is unrelated to their capacity for muscle ATP turnover, but the attenuated initial acceleration of anaerobic glycolysis suggests that these patients could be affected by a central limitation to force generation.ted by a central limitation to force generation.)
Wijers 2008 PLoS One + ('''BACKGROUND:''' Mild cold exposure and o … '''BACKGROUND:''' Mild cold exposure and overfeeding are known to elevate energy expenditure in mammals, including humans. This process is called adaptive thermogenesis. In small animals, adaptive thermogenesis is mainly caused by mitochondrial uncoupling in brown adipose tissue and regulated via the sympathetic nervous system. In humans, skeletal muscle is a candidate tissue, known to account for a large part of the epinephrine-induced increase in energy expenditure. However, mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle has not extensively been studied in relation to adaptive thermogenesis in humans. Therefore we hypothesized that cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis in humans is accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle.'''METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:''' The metabolic response to mild cold exposure in 11 lean, male subjects was measured in a respiration chamber at baseline and mild cold exposure. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling (state 4) was measured in muscle biopsies taken at the end of the respiration chamber stays. Mild cold exposure caused a significant increase in 24h energy expenditure of 2.8% (0.32 MJ/day, range of -0.21 to 1.66 MJ/day, ''p''<0.05). The individual increases in energy expenditure correlated to state 4 respiration (''p''<0.02, ''R''(2) = 0.50).'''CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:''' This study for the first time shows that in humans, skeletal muscle has the intrinsic capacity for cold induced adaptive thermogenesis via mitochondrial uncoupling under physiological conditions. This opens possibilities for mitochondrial uncoupling as an alternative therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity. therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity.)
MiPNet27.05 Schroecken BEC tutorial-Living Communications pmP + ('''BEC tutorial-Living Communications. Fro … '''BEC tutorial-Living Communications. From Peter Mitchell’s protonmotive force to protonmotive pressure: elements of the science of bioenergetics. Preceding the '''[[MiPNet27.04 IOC155 Schroecken AT |Oroboros O2k-Workshop on high-resolution respirometry]]'''. Schroecken, Austria; 2022.[[File:Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways.jpg|left|100px|link=Gnaiger_2020_BEC_MitoPathways|Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]The [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] is an element of the science of bioenergetics, linked to the control of respiratory flux and related mitochondrial functions. A [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=mitochondrial+membrane+potential PubMed search] on ‘mitochondrial membrane potential’ yields 40 000 results and 3452 for 2021 (search 2022-09-20), with a linear increase during the past 20 years. [[Gnaiger_2020_BEC_MitoPathways#Chapter_8._Protonmotive_pressure_and_respiratory_control |Chapter 8]] on ‘Protonmotive pressure and respiratory control’ of [[Mitochondrial Pathways]] (Gnaiger 2020) introduces a novel perspective on Peter Mitchell’s protonmotive force, which incorporates the mitochondrial membrane potential. If you find the reading is tough, you are not alone. Join this BEC tutorial-Living Communications for a fundamental introduction into the relevant concepts of physical chemistry, which differ from [[Force#Thermodynamic_ignorance |misleading chapters in bioenergetics textbooks]]. A retreat with plenty of informal discussions and group interactions takes you on a journey to visit chemical potential differences versus potential gradients, Gibbs [[energy]] versus Gibbs [[force]], quantities of capacity versus intensity, protonmotive force and [[motive unit]]s, [[flow]]s and [[force]]s, and finally protonmotive [[pressure]]. This will introduce students (and teachers) to a new understanding of mitochondrial membrane potential and the protonmotive force, connecting the ideal gas equation, osmotic pressure, the [[Boltzmann constant]] and [[gas constant]] with [[Fick 1855 Pogg Ann |Fick’s]] and [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein’s diffusion equation]]. If theory gets dry and grey, join for a swim in lake Körbersee, for a Walk&Talk in the colorful alpine environment of the Schröcken-Tannberg region, and a visit to the [https://www.alpmuseum.at/ Alpmuseum ufm Tannberg].s://www.alpmuseum.at/ Alpmuseum ufm Tannberg].)
MiPNet27.08 Innsbruck BEC tutorial-Living Communications pmF + ('''BEC tutorial-Living Communications. Mit … '''BEC tutorial-Living Communications. Mitochondrial membrane potential and Peter Mitchell’s protonmotive force: elements of the science of bioenergetics. [[File:Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways.jpg|left|100px|link=Gnaiger_2020_BEC_MitoPathways|Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]The [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] is an element of the science of bioenergetics, linked to the control of respiratory flux and related mitochondrial functions. A PubMed search on ‘mitochondrial membrane potential’ yields nearly 40 000 results and 3442 for 2021 (search 2022-07-04), with a linear increase during the past 20 years. [[Gnaiger_2020_BEC_MitoPathways#Chapter_8._Protonmotive_pressure_and_respiratory_control |Chapter 8]] on ‘Protonmotive pressure and respiratory control’ of [[Mitochondrial Pathways]] (Gnaiger 2020) introduces a novel perspective on Peter Mitchell’s protonmotive force, which incorporates the mitochondrial membrane potential. If you find the reading is tough, you are not alone. Join this BEC tutorial-Living Communications for an introduction into the relevant concepts of physical chemistry, which differ from [[Force#Thermodynamic_ignorance |misleading chapters in bioenergetics textbooks]] on potential gradients, Gibbs ''[[energy]]'', protonmotive [[flow]] and [[force]], and finally protonmotive [[pressure]]. This will introduce students (and teachers) to a new understanding of mitochondrial membrane potential and the protonmotive force, connecting the ideal gas equation, osmotic pressure, the [[Boltzmann constant]] and [[gas constant]] with [[Fick 1855 Pogg Ann |Fick’s]] and [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein’s diffusion equation]]. If theory gets tough, join for a [[MiPNet27.05 BEC tutorial-Living Communications pmF |follow-up retreat]].C tutorial-Living Communications pmF |follow-up retreat]].)
MiPNet27.06 Prague BEC tutorial-Living Communications pmF + ('''BEC tutorial-Living Communications. Mit … '''BEC tutorial-Living Communications. Mitochondrial membrane potential and Peter Mitchell’s protonmotive force: elements of the science of bioenergetics. Preceding the [[EMC2022 Prague CZ |EMC 2022 49th European Muscle Conference]], Prague, Czech Republic.[[File:Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways.jpg|left|100px|link=Gnaiger_2020_BEC_MitoPathways|Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]The [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] is an element of the science of bioenergetics, linked to the control of respiratory flux and related mitochondrial functions. A [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=mitochondrial+membrane+potential PubMed search] on ‘mitochondrial membrane potential’ yields 40 000 results and 3452 for 2021 (search 2022-09-20), with a linear increase during the past 20 years. [[Gnaiger_2020_BEC_MitoPathways#Chapter_8._Protonmotive_pressure_and_respiratory_control |Chapter 8]] on ‘Protonmotive pressure and respiratory control’ of [[Mitochondrial Pathways]] (Gnaiger 2020) introduces a novel perspective on Peter Mitchell’s protonmotive force, which incorporates the mitochondrial membrane potential. If you find the reading is tough, you are not alone. Join this BEC tutorial-Living Communications for an introduction into the relevant concepts of physical chemistry, which differ from [[Force#Thermodynamic_ignorance |misleading chapters in bioenergetics textbooks]] on potential gradients, Gibbs ''[[energy]]'', protonmotive [[flow]] and [[force]], and finally protonmotive [[pressure]]. This will introduce students (and teachers) to a new understanding of mitochondrial membrane potential and the protonmotive force, connecting the ideal gas equation, osmotic pressure, the [[Boltzmann constant]] and [[gas constant]] with [[Fick 1855 Pogg Ann |Fick’s]] and [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein’s diffusion equation]]. If theory gets tough, join for a [[MiPNet27.05 BEC tutorial-Living Communications pmF |follow-up retreat]].C tutorial-Living Communications pmF |follow-up retreat]].)
Gruno 2008 J Gastroenterol + ('''Background ''' Mitochondrial dysfuncti … '''Background ''' Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most characteristic properties of the cancer cell. However, it is not known whether oxidative energy metabolism has already become altered in conditions of atrophic gastritis, a precancerous state of gastric disease. The purpose of our study was to comparatively characterize oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the atrophic and nonatrophic gastric corpus mucosa.'''Methods''' Mucosal biopsies were taken from 12 patients with corpus dominant atrophic gastritis and from 12 patients with nonatrophic mucosa (controls). One part of the tissue samples was permeabilized with saponin for analysis of the function of the respiratory chain using high-resolution respirometry, and another part was used for histopathological examination. The serum level of pepsinogen I (S-PGI) was determined with a specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA).'''Results''' Compared to the control group, the maximal capacity of OXPHOS in the atrophy group was almost twofold lower, the respiratory chain complex I-dependent respiration, normalized to complex II-dependent respiration, was reduced, and respiratory control by ADP in the presence of succinate was increased in the atrophic corpus mucosa. In the whole cohort of the patients studied, serum S-PGI level correlated positively with complex I-dependent respiration or complex Idependent to complex II-dependent respiration ratio.'''Conclusions''' Corpus dominant atrophic gastritis is characterized by decreased respiratory capacity and relative deficiency of the respiratory complex I of mitochondria in the mucosa, the latter defect probably limiting mitochondrial ATP production and energetic support of the secretory function of the zymogenic mucosal cells.y function of the zymogenic mucosal cells.)

('''Background ''' Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most characte)

Krebiehl 2010 PLoS One + ('''Background''' Mitochondrial dysfunction … '''Background''' Mitochondrial dysfunction and degradation takes a central role in current paradigms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Loss of DJ-1 function is a rare cause of familial PD. Although a critical role of DJ-1 in oxidative stress response and mitochondrial function has been recognized, the effects on mitochondrial dynamics and downstream consequences remain to be determined.'''Methodology/Principal Findings''' Using DJ-1 loss of function cellular models from knockout (KO) mice and human carriers of the E64D mutation in the DJ-1 gene we define a novel role of DJ-1 in the integrity of both cellular organelles, mitochondria and lysosomes. We show that loss of DJ-1 caused impaired mitochondrial respiration, increased intramitochondrial reactive oxygen species, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and characteristic alterations of mitochondrial shape as shown by quantitative morphology. Importantly, ultrastructural imaging and subsequent detailed lysosomal activity analyses revealed reduced basal autophagic degradation and the accumulation of defective mitochondria in DJ-1 KO cells, that was linked with decreased levels of phospho-activated ERK2.'''Conclusions/Significance''' We show that loss of DJ-1 leads to impaired autophagy and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria that under physiological conditions would be compensated via lysosomal clearance. Our study provides evidence for a critical role of DJ-1 in mitochondrial homeostasis by connecting basal autophagy and mitochondrial integrity in Parkinson's disease.hondrial integrity in Parkinson's disease.)
Ross-Hellauer 2017 F1000Res + ('''Background''': "Open peer review" (OPR) … '''Background''': "Open peer review" (OPR), despite being a major pillar of Open Science, has neither a standardized definition nor an agreed schema of its features and implementations. The literature reflects this, with numerous overlapping and contradictory definitions. While for some the term refers to peer review where the identities of both author and reviewer are disclosed to each other, for others it signifies systems where reviewer reports are published alongside articles. For others it signifies both of these conditions, and for yet others it describes systems where not only "invited experts" are able to comment. For still others, it includes a variety of combinations of these and other novel methods. '''Methods''': Recognising the absence of a consensus view on what open peer review is, this article undertakes a systematic review of definitions of "open peer review" or "open review", to create a corpus of 122 definitions. These definitions are systematically analysed to build a coherent typology of the various innovations in peer review signified by the term, and hence provide the precise technical definition currently lacking. '''Results''': This quantifiable data yields rich information on the range and extent of differing definitions over time and by broad subject area. Quantifying definitions in this way allows us to accurately portray exactly how ambiguously the phrase "open peer review" has been used thus far, for the literature offers 22 distinct configurations of seven traits, effectively meaning that there are 22 different definitions of OPR in the literature reviewed. '''Conclusions''': I propose a pragmatic definition of open peer review as an umbrella term for a number of overlapping ways that peer review models can be adapted in line with the aims of Open Science, including making reviewer and author identities open, publishing review reports and enabling greater participation in the peer review process. participation in the peer review process.)
Ahn 2010 Biochim Biophys Acta + ('''Background''': Atherosclerosis is one o … '''Background''': Atherosclerosis is one of the major complications of diabetes, which may result from insulin resistance via mitochondrial dysfunction. Although a strong association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease has been suggested, it is not clear yet whether stress-inducing factors damage mitochondria and insulin signaling pathway in cardiovascular tissues.'''Methods''': We investigated whether stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction might alter the insulin/Akt signaling pathway in A10 rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).'''Results''': The treatment of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) decreased ATP contents, mitochondrial respiration activity, mRNA expressions of OXPHOS subunits and IRS-1/2 and insulin-mediated phosphorylations of Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Similarly, dideoxycytidine (ddC), the mtDNA replication inhibitor, or rotenone, OXPHOS complex I inhibitor, inhibited the insulin-mediated pAkt while increased pAMPK regardless of insulin. Reciprocally, an inhibitor of Akt, triciribine (TCN), decreased cellular ATP contents. Overexpression of Akt dominant positive reversed the oxLDL- or ddC-mediated ATP decrease but AMPK activator did not. Akt activation also normalized the aberrant VSMC migration induced by ddC.'''Conclusions''': Defective insulin signaling and mitochondrial function may collectively contribute to developing cardiovascular disease.'''General significance''': Akt may be a possible therapeutic target for treating insulin resistance-associated atherosclerosis.lin resistance-associated atherosclerosis.)
Trimmer 2009 Mol Neurodegener + ('''Background''': It has been hypothesized … '''Background''': It has been hypothesized that reduced axonal transport contributes to the degeneration of neuronal processes in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondria supply the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) needed to support axonal transport and contribute to many other cellular functions essential for the survival of neuronal cells. Furthermore, mitochondria in PD tissues are metabolically and functionally compromised. To address this hypothesis, we measured the velocity of mitochondrial movement in human transmitochondrial cybrid "cytoplasmic hybrid" neuronal cells bearing mitochondrial DNA from patients with sporadic PD and disease-free age-matched volunteer controls (CNT). The absorption of low level, near-infrared laser light by components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) enhancesmitochondrial metabolism, stimulates oxidative phosphorylation and improves redox capacity. PD and CNT cybrid neuronal cells were exposed to near-infrared laser light to determine if the velocity of mitochondrial movement can be restored by low level light therapy (LLLT). Axonal transport of labeled mitochondria was documented by time lapse microscopy in dopaminergic PD and CNT cybrid neuronal cells before and after illumination with an 810 nm diode laser (50 mW/cm2) for 40 s. Oxygen utilization and assembly of mtETS complexes were also determined.'''Results''': The velocity of mitochondrial movement in PD cybrid neuronal cells (0.175 +/- 0.005 SEM) was significantly reduced (p < 0.02) compared to mitochondrial movement in disease free CNT cybrid neuronal cells (0.232 +/- 0.017 SEM). For two hours after LLLT, the average velocity of mitochondrial movement in PD cybrid neurites was significantly (p < 0.003) increased (to 0.224 +/- 0.02 SEM) and restored to levels comparable to CNT. Mitochondrial movement in CNT cybrid neurites was unaltered by LLLT (0.232 +/- 0.017 SEM). Assembly of complexes in the mtETC was reduced and oxygen utilization was altered in PD cybrid neuronal cells. PD cybrid neuronal cell lines with the most dysfunctional mtETC assembly and oxygen utilization profiles were least responsive to LLLT.'''Conclusion''': The results from this study support our proposal that axonal transport is reduced in sporadic PD and that a single, brief treatment with near-infrared light can restore axonal transport to control levels. These results are the first demonstration that LLLT can increase axonal transport in model human dopaminergic neuronal cells and they suggest that LLLT could be developed as a novel treatmentto improve neuronal function in patients with PD. treatment to improve neuronal function in patients with PD.)
Droese 2009 Biochim Biophys Acta + ('''Background''': Reactive oxygen species … '''Background''': Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are among the main determinants of cellular damage during ischemia and reperfusion. There is also ample evidence that mitochondrial ROS production is involved in signaling during ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning. In a previous study we analyzed the mitochondrial effects of the efficient preconditioning drug diazoxide and found that it increased the mitochondrial oxidation of the ROS-sensitive fluorescent dye 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (H2DCF) but had no direct impact on the H2O2 production of submitochondrial particles (SMP) or intact rat heart mitochondria (RHM).'''Methods''': H2O2 generation of bovine SMP and tightly coupled RHM was monitored under different conditions using the amplex red/horseradish peroxidase assay in response to diazoxide and a number of inhibitors.'''Results''': We show that diazoxide reduces ROS production by mitochondrial Complex I under conditions of reverse electron transfer in tightly coupled RHM, but stimulates mitochondrial ROS production at the Qo site of Complex III under conditions of oxidant-induced reduction; this stimulation is greatly enhanced by uncoupling. These opposing effects can both be explained by inhibition of Complex II by diazoxide. 5-Hydroxydecanoate had no effect, and the results were essentially identical in the presence of Na+ or K+ excluding a role for putative mitochondrial KATP-channels.'''General significance''': A straightforward rationale is presented to mechanistically explain the ambivalent effects of diazoxide reported in the literature. Depending on the metabolic state and the membrane potential of mitochondria, diazoxide-mediated inhibition of Complex II promotes transient generation of signaling ROS at Complex III (during preconditioning) or attenuates the production of deleterious ROS at Complex I (during ischemia and reperfusion).x III (during preconditioning) or attenuates the production of deleterious ROS at Complex I (during ischemia and reperfusion).)
Sokolova 2009 BMC Cell Biol + ('''Background''': Restriction of intracell … '''Background''': Restriction of intracellular diffusion of adenine nucleotides has been studied intensively on adult rat cardiomyocytes. However, their cause and role ''in vivo'' is still uncertain. Intracellular membrane structures have been suggested to play a role. We therefore chose to study cardiomyocytes from rainbow trout (''Oncorhynchus mykiss''), which are thinner and have fewer intracellular membrane structures than adult rat cardiomyocytes. Previous studies suggest that trout permeabilized cardiac fibers also have diffusion restrictions. However, results from fibers may be affected by incomplete separation of the cells. This is avoided when studying permeabilized, isolated cardiomyocytes. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of diffusion restrictions in trout cardiomyocytes by comparing ADP-kinetics of mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers, permeabilized cardiomyocytes and isolated mitochondria from rainbow trout heart. Experiments were performed at 10, 15 and 20°C in the absence and presence of creatine.'''Results''': Trout cardiomyocytes hypercontracted in the solutions used for mammalian cardiomyocytes. We developed a new solution in which they retained their shape and showed stable steady state respiration rates throughout an experiment. The apparent ADP-affinity of permeabilized cardiomyocytes was different from that of fibers. It was higher, independent of temperature and not increased by creatine. However, it was still about ten times lower than in isolated mitochondria.'''Conclusions''': The differences between fibers and cardiomyocytes suggest that results from trout heart fibers were affected by incomplete separation of the cells. However, the lower ADP-affinity of cardiomyocytes compared to isolated mitochondria indicate that intracellular diffusion restrictions are still present in trout cardiomyocytes despite their lower density of intracellular membrane structures. The lack of a creatine effect indicates that trout heart lacks mitochondrial creatine kinase tightly coupled to respiration. This argues against diffusion restriction by the outer mitochondrial membrane. These results from rainbow trout cardiomyocytes resemble those from other low-performance hearts such as neonatal rat and rabbit hearts. Thus, it seems that metabolic regulation is related to cardiac performance, and it is likely that rainbow trout can be used as a model animal for further studies of the localization and role of diffusion restrictions in lowperformance hearts.ion restrictions in lowperformance hearts.)
Amoedo 2011 PLoS One + ('''Background''': Tumor cells are characte … '''Background''': Tumor cells are characterized by accelerated growth usually accompanied by up-regulated pathways that ultimately increase the rate of ATP production. These cells can suffer metabolic reprogramming, resulting in distinct bioenergetic phenotypes, generally enhancing glycolysis channeled to lactate production. In the present work we showed metabolic reprogramming by means of inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDACis), sodium butyrate and trichostatin. This treatment was able to shift energy metabolism by activating mitochondrial systems such as the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation that were largely repressed in the untreated controls.'''Methodology/Principal Findings''': Various cellular and biochemical parameters were evaluated in lung cancer H460 cells treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), sodium butyrate (NaB) and trichostatin A (TSA). NaB and TSA reduced glycolytic flux, assayed by lactate release by H460 cells in a concentration dependent manner. NaB inhibited the expression of glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT 1), but substantially increased mitochondria bound hexokinase (HK) activity. NaB induced increase in HK activity was associated to isoform HK I and was accompanied by 1.5 fold increase in HK I mRNA expression and cognate protein biosynthesis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PYK) activities were unchanged by HDACis suggesting that the increase in the HK activity was not coupled to glycolytic flux. High resolution respirometry of H460 cells revealed NaB-dependent increased rates of oxygen consumption coupled to ATP synthesis. Metabolomic analysis showed thatNaB altered the glycolytic metabolite profile of intact H460 cells. Concomitantly we detected an activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The high O2 consumption in NaB-treated cells was shown to be unrelated to mitochondrial biogenesis since citrate synthase (CS) activity and the amount of mitochondrial DNA remained unchanged.'''Conclusion''': NaB and TSA induced an increase in mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism in H460 lung tumor cells concomitant with a less proliferative cellular phenotype.h a less proliferative cellular phenotype.)
Gomez 2008 Circulation + ('''Background'''—Opening of the mitochondr … '''Background'''—Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a crucial event in lethal reperfusion injury. Phosphorylation (inhibition) of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) has been involved in cardioprotection. We investigated whether phosphorylated GSK3β may protect the heart via the inhibition of mPTP opening during postconditioning.'''Methods and Results'''—Wild-type and transgenic GSK3β-S9A mice (the cardiac GSK3β activity of which cannot be inactivated) underwent 60 minutes of ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion. At reperfusion, wild-type and GSK3β-S9A mice received no intervention (control), postconditioning (3 cycles of 1 minute ischemia and 1 minute of reperfusion), the mPTP inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA; 10 mg/kg IV), or the GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 (SB21; 70 µg/kg IV). Infarct size was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The resistance of the mPTP to opening after Ca2+ loading was assessed by spectrofluorometry on mitochondria isolated from the area at risk. In wild-type mice, infarct size was significantly reduced by postconditioning, CsA, and SB21, averaging 39±2%, 35±5%, and 37±4%, respectively, versus 58±5% of the area at risk in control mice (P<0.05). In GSK3β-S9A mice, only CsA, but not postconditioning or SB21, reduced infarct size. Postconditioning, CsA, and SB21 all improved the resistance of the mPTP in wild-type mice, but only CsA did so in GSK3β-S9A mice.'''Conclusion'''—These results suggest that S9-phosphorylation of GSK3β is required for postconditioning and likely acts by inhibiting the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.pening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.)
Leadsham 2010 BMC Cell Biol + ('''Background:''' Appropriate control of m … '''Background:''' Appropriate control of mitochondrial function, morphology and biogenesis are crucial determinants of the general health of eukaryotic cells. It is therefore imperative that we understand the mechanisms that coordinatemitochondrial function with environmental signaling systems. The regulation of yeast mitochondrial function in response to nutritional change can be modulated by PKA activity. Unregulated PKA activity can lead to the production of mitochondria that are prone to the production of ROS, and an apoptotic form of cell death.'''Results:''' We present evidence that mitochondria are sensitive to the level of cAMP/PKA signaling and can respond by modulating levels of respiratory activity or committing to self execution. The inappropriate activation of one ofthe yeast PKA catalytic subunits, Tpk3p, is sufficient to commit cells to an apoptotic death through transcriptional changes that promote the production of dysfunctional, ROS producing mitochondria. Our data implies that cAMP/PKA regulation of mitochondrial function that promotes apoptosis engages the function of multiple transcription factors, including HAP4, SOK2 and SCO1.'''Conclusions:''' We propose that in yeast, as is the case in mammalian cells, mitochondrial function and biogenesis are controlled in response to environmental change by the concerted regulation of multiple transcription factors. The visualization of cAMP/TPK3 induced cell death within yeast colonies supports a model that PKA regulation plays a physiological role in coordinating respiratory function and cell death with nutritional status in budding yeast. with nutritional status in budding yeast.)
Kalbacova 2003 Cytometry + ('''Background:''' Determination of mitocho … '''Background:''' Determination of mitochondrial membrane potential ((m) is widely used to characterize cellular metabolism, viability, and apoptosis. Changes of ΔΨm induced by inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation characterizerespective contributions of mitochondria and glycolysis to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis.'''Methods:''' ΔΨm in BSC-40 and HeLa G cell lines was determined by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry. Its changes induced by specific mitochondrial inhibitors were evaluated using 3,3 ΔΨ-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide(DiOC6(3)), tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester, and Mito-Tracker Red. Mitochondrial function was further characterized by oxygen consumption.'''Results:''' Inhibition of respiration by antimycin A or uncouplingof mitochondria by FCCP decreased ΔΨm in both cell lines. Inhibition of ATP production by oligomycin or atractyloside induced a moderate decrease of ΔΨmin HeLa G cells and an increase of ΔΨm in BSC-40 cells. Statistically significant differences in ΔΨm between the two cell lines were found with both flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry. Respirometry showed higher basaland FCCP-stimulated respiration in BSC-40 cells.'''Conclusion:''' Changes of ΔΨm and oxygen consumption showed that BSC-40 cells are more sensitive than HeLa G cells to inhibitors of mitochondrial function, suggesting that BSC-40 cells are more dependent than HeLa G cells onaerobic ATP production. Determination of ΔΨm changes by flow cytometry exhibited greater sensitivity than the ones by spectrofluorometry.ivity than the ones by spectrofluorometry.)
Hecker 2014 JPEN + ('''Background:''' Sepsis is a severe infla … '''Background:''' Sepsis is a severe inflammatory disorder with a high mortality in intensive care units mostly due to multiorgan failure. Mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of septic disorders, leading to a decline in energy supply. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether application of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) could improve mitochondrial function and thus might serve as a potential energy source under inflammatory conditions. '''Materials and Methods:''' As an experimental approach, starved human endothelial cells and monocytes were incubated with hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, or glucose and subsequently subjected to high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function under baseline conditions. In a second set of experiments, cells were pretreated with tumor necrosis factor-α to mimic inflammation and sepsis. Results: We demonstrated that addition of SCFAs and MCFAs increases mitochondrial respiratory capacity at baseline and inflammatory conditions in both cell types. None of the fatty acids induced changes in mitochondrial DNA content or the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, indicating a beneficial safety profile. '''Conclusion:''' We deduce that SCFAs and MCFAs are suitable and safe sources of energy under inflammatory conditions with the capability to partly restore mitochondrial respiration. partly restore mitochondrial respiration.)
Basal respiration + ('''Basal respiration''' is well defined in physiology. Terminology in mitochondrial physiology gains quality by reference to established concepts.)
Bioblast 2022 + ('''Bioblast 2022: Inaugural Conference of ''Bioenergetics Communications''''')
Wiethuechter MiP2010 + ('''Bioblast''' was launched as a glossary … '''Bioblast''' was launched as a glossary and index for high-resolution respirometry (Oroboros Instruments: OroboPedia) and Mitochondrial Physiology (MitoPedia), to find topics quickly, as a dynamic tool for summarizing definitions of terms, symbols and abbreviations. However, it´s potential benefits as an innovative, self-developing database make the '''Bioblast Wiki''' much more than a service by Oroboros.i''' much more than a service by Oroboros.)
Bioenergetics Vienna + ('''Bioenergetics Vienna''', 1st Bioenergetics DE-CH-AT Meeting)
BMS2016 Lausanne CH + ('''Brain bioenergetics – From behavior to pathology, Lausanne, CH''')
EU-METAHEART Kick-off meeting Brussels BE + ('''COST CA22169 METAHEART Kick-off meeting MC1, Brussels, Belguim, 2023-10-18''')
MiP2019/MitoEAGLE Belgrade RS + ('''COST MitoEAGLE WG and MC Meeting, 2019, Belgrade, Serbia.''')
Brown 2018 McCarrison Society + ('''Call for research - We all need oxygen … '''Call for research - We all need oxygen – “The oceans are gasping for air”''' 1, 2, 3“Human dominion over planet Earth is driving profound changes that may culminate in extinction.” 4 Whilst there is wider research into the oceanic impact of climate change including warming and acidification,5, 6 and on oxygen content of oceans, there is very little research into the specific impact of acidification and related carbon dioxide changes on marine photosynthetic oxygen production.This is an important field of research as it also involves consideration of the consequent effects of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide, including warming, on oceanic and atmospheric oxygen, oxygen exchange between them and possibilities of tipping points whereby photosynthetic marine organisms may rapidly die off, potentially leading to severe existential consequences for aerobic life forms.We bemoan the loss of polar bears and rare alpine plants along with changes to weather and food, but as societies and individuals we are reluctant to severely moderate the day-to-day fossil fuel energy consumption that underlies 21st century life. When faced by the choice of polar bears vs cars, heating, laptops and phones, the polar bears lose!Ocean acidification is a more empirically evidenced phenomenon than climate change, however, it is also less prominent in the public psyche even though it springs from the same increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Were research to be commissioned, though, that provides clear evidence of risk to oceanic oxygen production and therefore atmospheric oxygen levels, the conclusions could be far-reaching, including identifying a potential tipping point that may result in human extinction.This stark prospect would, arguably, be easier to convey to, and fix in the wider public consciousness than the more diffuse issues around climate change. Humans are reminded with every breath they take that oxygen is essential to their health function and, ultimately, their survival and existence as a species.7 The importance of the prospect of oxygen depletion for future generations would be easily understood by all, and so promote greater public engagement and cohesive demand for a global response to try and find viable energy alternatives to fossil fuels.iable energy alternatives to fossil fuels.)
Chemical biology approaches to assessing and modulating mitochondria 2016 Buckinghamshire UK + ('''Chemical biology approaches to assessing and modulating mitochondria, Buckinghamshire, UK''')
Gnaiger 2007 MitoPathways + ('''Contents''' * Introduction [http://www. … '''Contents'''* Introduction [http://www.oroboros.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Reprints/O-MiPNet-Publ/MitoPathways2_Introduction.pdf pdf]* MitoPathways to Complex I: [[MiPNet11.04]]* MitoPathways to Complex II: [[MiPNet11.09]]* MitoPathways to Complexes I&II: [[MiPNet12.12]]* MitoPathways compilation: [[MiPNet12.13]] * MitoPathways - respiratory states: [[MiPNet12.15]]* Cell respiration and phosphorylation control: [[MiPNet08.09]] * HRR and phosphorylation control: [[MiPNet10.04]]* FCRs in isolated mitochondria: [[MiPNet12.11]]* O2k manual titrations: [[MiPNet09.12]]* O2k-paradigm: [[MiPNet09.01]]* [[Gnaiger 2012 MitoPathways References|References]]* The Oroboros - Feeding on negative entropy [http://www.oroboros.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Reprints/O-MiPNet-Publ/MitoPathways2_Introduction.pdf pdf]Reprints/O-MiPNet-Publ/MitoPathways2_Introduction.pdf pdf])
Raboel 2010 J Clin Endocrinol Metab + ('''Context''': Previous studies on leg ske … '''Context''': Previous studies on leg skeletal musculature have demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but it is not known whether mitochondrial dysfunction is present in the upper extremities.'''Objective''': The aim of the study was to compare mitochondrial respiration and markers of mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle of arm and leg in patients with T2DM and obese control subjects.'''Patients''': Ten patients with T2DM (age, 52.3 ± 2.7 yr; body mass index, 30.1 ± 1.2 kg/m2) (mean ± SE) were studied after a 2-wk washout period of oral antihyperglycemic agents. Ten control subjects (age, 54.3 ± 2.8 yr; body mass index, 30.4 ± 1.2 kg/m2) with normal fasting and 2-h oral glucosetolerance test blood glucose levels were also included. Main Outcome Measure:Wemeasured mitochondrial respiration in saponin-treated skinned musclefibers from biopsies of m. deltoideus and m. vastus lateralis using high-resolution respirometry.'''Results''': In the arm, mitochondrial respiration and citrate synthase activity did not differ between groups, but mitochondrial respiration per milligram of muscle was significantly higher in the leg muscle of the control subjects compared to T2DM. Fiber type compositions in arm and leg muscleswere not different between the T2DM and control group, and maximum rate of O2 consumption did not differ between the groups.'''Conclusion''': The results demonstrate that reduced mitochondrial function in T2DM is only present in the leg musculature. This novel finding suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is not a primary defect affecting all skeletal muscle but could be related to a decreased response to locomotor muscle use in T2DM. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 857–863, 2010)J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 857–863, 2010))
MiPNet14.08 IOC52 + ('''Demo O2k-Course at MiPsummer 2009.''' Baton Rouge, USA; 2009 June 21.)
MiPNet14.04 IOC51 + ('''Demo O2k-Course at MiPsummer 2009.''' Baton Rouge, USA; 2009 June 21.)
Gnaiger 2014 Preface MiP2014 + ('''Do you ever dream about an equation?'' … '''Do you ever dream about an equation?''The Mitchell’s dream series by [[Odra Noel]] is a dream on equations and shows a dream on the equation that penetrates all of biology since Peter D Mitchell started publishing on the protonmotive force equation [1]. Can we imagine how many dreaming was required until the chemiosmotic hypothesis emerged on energy coupling by the protonmotive force of oxidative phosphorylation in the bioblasts, which comprise the mitochondria, chloroplasts, bacteria and archaea? Seeing Odra Noel’s pictures on Mitchell’s dream provides insights into the equations of biophysics and biochemistry: these equations do not just belong to our books. They do belong to our cells, our [[bioblasts]], to the living world. It is the mitochondria that help us to understand these equations, since the equations are in the mitochondria, they are the visible parts of the mitochondria and open insights into function beyond the visible form – this is mitochondrial physiology.e form – this is mitochondrial physiology.)