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Difference between revisions of "Gnaiger 2023 MitoFit CII"

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{{Publication
{{Publication
|title=Gnaiger E (2023) Complex II ambiguities ― FADH<sub>2</sub> in the electron transfer system. MitoFit Preprints 2023.3.v6. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2023-0003.v6
|title=Gnaiger E (2023) Complex II ambiguities ― FADH<sub>2</sub> in the electron transfer system. MitoFit Preprints 2023.3.v6. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2023-0003.v6 - ''' [[Gnaiger 2024 J Biol Chem |''Published 2023-11-22 J Biol Chem (2024)'']]
|info=MitoFit Preprints 2023.3.v6. [[File:MitoFit Preprints pdf.png|left|160px|link=https://wiki.oroboros.at/images/a/ae/Gnaiger_2023_MitoFit_CII.pdf|MitoFit pdf]] [https://wiki.oroboros.at/images/a/ae/Gnaiger_2023_MitoFit_CII.pdf Complex II ambiguities ― FADH<sub>2</sub> in the electron transfer system]<br/>
|info=MitoFit Preprints 2023.3.v6. [[File:MitoFit Preprints pdf.png|left|160px|link=https://wiki.oroboros.at/images/a/ae/Gnaiger_2023_MitoFit_CII.pdf|MitoFit pdf]] [https://wiki.oroboros.at/images/a/ae/Gnaiger_2023_MitoFit_CII.pdf Complex II ambiguities ― FADH<sub>2</sub> in the electron transfer system]<br/>
|authors=Gnaiger Erich
|authors=Gnaiger Erich
|year=2023
|year=2023
|journal=MitoFit Prep
|journal=MitoFit Prep
|abstract=[[File:CII-ambiguities Graphical abstract.png|200px|left]]
|abstract=[[File:CII-ambiguities Graphical abstract.png|150px|left]]
::: '''Version 6 (v6) 2023-06-21''' [https://wiki.oroboros.at/images/a/ae/Gnaiger_2023_MitoFit_CII.pdf 10.26124/mitofit:2023-0003.v6]
::: Gnaiger E (2024) Complex II ambiguities ― FADH<sub>2</sub> in the electron transfer system. J Biol Chem 300:105470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105470
::: <small>Version 5 (v5) 2023-05-31 </small>
::: <small>Version 6 (v6) 2023-06-21 </small>
::: <small>Version 4 (v4) 2023-05-12 </small>
::: <small>Version 5 (v5) 2023-05-31, (v4) 2023-05-12, (v3) 2023-05-04, (v2) 2023-04-04, (v1) 2023-03-24 - [https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/File:Gnaiger_2023_MitoFit_CII.pdf »Link to all versions«]</small>
::: <small>Version 3 (v3) 2023-05-04 </small>
::: <small>Version 2 (v2) 2023-04-04 </small>
::: <small>Version 1 (v1) 2023-03-24 - [https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/File:Gnaiger_2023_MitoFit_CII.pdf »Link to all versions«]</small>
The prevailing notion that reduced cofactors NADH and FADH<sub>2</sub> transfer electrons from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the mitochondrial electron transfer system creates ambiguities regarding respiratory Complex II (CII). The succinate dehydrogenase subunit SDHA of CII oxidizes succinate and reduces the covalently bound prosthetic group FAD to FADH<sub>2</sub> in the canonical forward tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, several graphical representations of the electron transfer system depict FADH<sub>2</sub> in the mitochondrial matrix as a substrate to be oxidized by CII. This leads to the false conclusion that FADH<sub>2</sub> from the β-oxidation cycle in fatty acid oxidation feeds electrons into CII. In reality, dehydrogenases of fatty acid oxidation channel electrons to the coenzyme Q-junction but not through CII. The ambiguities surrounding Complex II in the literature and educational resources call for quality control, to secure scientific standards in current communications of bioenergetics, and ultimately support adequate clinical applications. This review aims to raise awareness of the inherent '''[[ambiguity crisis]]''', complementing efforts to address the well-acknowledged issues of credibility and reproducibility.
The prevailing notion that reduced cofactors NADH and FADH<sub>2</sub> transfer electrons from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the mitochondrial electron transfer system creates ambiguities regarding respiratory Complex II (CII). The succinate dehydrogenase subunit SDHA of CII oxidizes succinate and reduces the covalently bound prosthetic group FAD to FADH<sub>2</sub> in the canonical forward tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, several graphical representations of the electron transfer system depict FADH<sub>2</sub> in the mitochondrial matrix as a substrate to be oxidized by CII. This leads to the false conclusion that FADH<sub>2</sub> from the β-oxidation cycle in fatty acid oxidation feeds electrons into CII. In reality, dehydrogenases of fatty acid oxidation channel electrons to the coenzyme Q-junction but not through CII. The ambiguities surrounding Complex II in the literature and educational resources call for quality control, to secure scientific standards in current communications of bioenergetics, and ultimately support adequate clinical applications. This review aims to raise awareness of the inherent '''[[ambiguity crisis]]''', complementing efforts to address the well-acknowledged issues of credibility and reproducibility.
<br>
<br>
|keywords=coenzyme Q junction, Q-junction; Complex II, CII; electron transfer system, ETS; fatty acid oxidation, FAO; flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD/FADH<sub>2</sub>; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD<sup>+</sup>/NADH; succinate dehydrogenase, SDH; tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA
|keywords=[[coenzyme]]; [[cofactor]]; [[prosthetic group]]; coenzyme Q junction, Q-junction; Complex II, CII; [[H+-linked electron transfer |H<sup>+</sup>-linked electron transfer]]; [[electron transfer system]], ETS; [[matrix-ETS]]; [[membrane-ETS]]; fatty acid oxidation, FAO; flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD/FADH<sub>2</sub>; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD<sup>+</sup>/NADH; succinate dehydrogenase, SDH; tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA; [[substrate]]; [[Gibbs force]]
|mipnetlab=AT Innsbruck Oroboros
|mipnetlab=AT Innsbruck Oroboros
}}
}}
ORC'''ID''': [[File:ORCID.png|20px|link=https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-5895]] Gnaiger Erich, Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria
'''» ''Links:''''' [[Ambiguity crisis]], [[Complex II ambiguities]], [[:Category:Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |Complex I and hydrogen ion ambiguities in the electron transfer system]]
__TOC__
__TOC__
[[File:N-S FADH2-FMNH2.png|right|500px]]
::::'''» ''Links:''''' [[Ambiguity crisis]], [[Complex II ambiguities]], [[:Category:Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |Complex I and hydrogen ion ambiguities in the electron transfer system]]
'''Figure 1. Complex II (SDH) bridges H+-linked electron transfer from the TCA cycle (matrix-ETS) to the electron transfer system (membrane-ETS) of the mt-inner membrane (mtIM).''' '''(a)''' NADH+H<sup>+</sup> and '''(b)''' succinate are substrates of 2{H<sup>+</sup>+e<sup>-</sup>} transfer to CI and CII, respectively, with prosthetic groups FMN and FAD as the corresponding electron acceptors. '''(c)''' Symbolic representation of ETS pathway architecture. Electron flow converges at the N-junction (NAD<sup>+</sup> → NADH+H<sup>+</sup>). Electron flow from NADH and succinate S converges through CI and CII at the Q-junction. CIII passes electrons to cytochrome ''c'' and in CIV to molecular O<sub>2</sub>, 2{H<sup>+</sup>+e<sup>-</sup>}+0.5 O<sub>2</sub> ⇢ H<sub>2</sub>O. '''(d)''' NADH+H<sup>+</sup> and NAD<sup>+</sup> cycle between matrix-dehydrogenases and CI, whereas FAD and FADH<sub>2</sub> cycle permanently bound within the same enzyme CII. Succinate and fumarate indicate the chemical entities irrespective of ionization, but charges are shown in NADH, NAD<sup>+</sup>, and H<sup>+</sup>. Joint pairs of half-circular arrows distinguish electron transfer 2{H<sup>+</sup>+e­<sup>-</sup>} to CI and CII from vectorial H<sup>+</sup> translocation across the mtIM (H<sup>+</sup><sub>neg</sub> → H<sup>+</sup><sub>pos</sub>). CI and CIII pump hydrogen ions from the negatively (neg) to the positively charged compartment (pos). '''(e)''' Iconic representation of SDH subunits. SDHA catalyzes the oxidation succinate → fumarate + 2{H<sup>+</sup>+e<sup>-</sup>} and reduction FAD + 2{H<sup>+</sup>+e<sup>-</sup>} → FADH<sub>2</sub> in the soluble domain of CII. The iron–sulfur protein SDHB transfers electrons through Fe-S clusters to the mtIM domain where ubiquinone UQ is reduced to ubiquinol UQH<sub>2</sub> in SDHC and SDHD.
:::: '''Acknowledgements''': I thank [[Cardoso Luiza HD |Luiza H.D. Cardoso]], [[Schmitt Sabine |Sabine Schmitt]], and [[Donnelly Chris |Chris Donnelly]] for stimulating discussions, and [[Cocco Paolo |Paolo Cocco]] for expert help on the graphical abstract and Figures 1d and e. The constructive comments of an anonymous reviewer (J Biol Chem) are explicitly acknowledged. Contribution to the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Grant 857394 ([[FAT4BRAIN]]).
 
:::: '''Acknowledgements''': I thank [[Cardoso Luiza HD |Luiza H.D. Cardoso]], [[Schmitt Sabine |Sabine Schmitt]], and [[Chris Donnelly |Donnelly Chris]] for stimulating discussions, and [[Cocco Paolo |Paolo Cocco]] for expert help on the graphical abstract and Figures 1d and e. The constructive comments of an anonymous reviewer (J Biol Chem) are explicitly acknowledged. Contribution to the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Grant 857394 ([[FAT4BRAIN]]).
 
== Supplement 1. Footnotes on terminology ==
 
:::* [[Coenzyme]]:
::::: ‘The dissociable, low-relative-molecular-mass active group of an enzyme which transfers chemical groups, hydrogen, or electrons. A coenzyme binds with its associated protein (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme) (Burtis, Geary 1994). ‘A low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons’ - https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:23354 (CHEBI:23354, retrieved 2023-06-21). A coenzyme or cosubstrate is a cofactor that is attached loosely and transiently to an enzyme. NADH is listed as a coenzyme, which should be regarded as a substrate of pyridine-linked dehydrogenases (Lehninger 1975).
 
:::* [[Cofactor]]:
::::: A cofactor is 'an organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group)' - https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=23357 (CHEBI:23357, retrieved 2023-06-21).
 
:::* [[Electron transfer system]] ETS:
::::: The ''convergent'' architecture of the electron transfer ''system'' is emphasized in contrast to ''linear'' electron transfer ''chains'' ETCs within segments of the ETS.
 
:::* Electron transfer:
::::: A distinction is necessary between electron transfer in redox reactions and electron transport (translocation) in the diffusion of charged ionic species within or between cellular compartments. The symbol 2{H<sup>+</sup>+e<sup>−</sup>} is introduced to indicate H<sup>+</sup>-linked electron transfer of two hydrogen ions and two electrons in a redox reaction.
 
:::* Gibbs force:
::::: In contrast to the extensive quantity Gibbs energy [J], Gibbs force [J·mol<sup>-1</sup>] is an intensive quantity expressed as the partial derivative of Gibbs energy [J] per advancement of a reaction [mol] (Gnaiger 1993; 2020).
 
:::* H<sup>+</sup>-linked electron transfer:
::::: The term H<sup>+</sup>-coupled electron transfer ([[Hsu 2022 J Chem Phys |Hsu et al 2022]]) is replaced by H<sup><sup>+</sup></sup>-linked electron transfer, to avoid confusion with ''coupled'' H<sup>+</sup> translocation.
 
:::* Matrix-ETS:
::::: Electron transfer and corresponding OXPHOS capacities are classically studied in mitochondrial preparations as oxygen consumption supported by various fuel substrates undergoing partial oxidation in the mt-matrix, such as pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others. Therefore, the matrix component of ETS (matrix-ETS) is distinguished from the ETS bound to the mt-inner membrane (membrane-ETS; [[BEC_2020.1_doi10.26124bec2020-0001.v1 |Gnaiger et al 2020]]).
 
:::* Membrane-ETS:
::::: Electron transfer is frequently considered as the segment of redox reactions linked to the mtIM. However, the membrane-ETS is only part of the total ETS, which includes the upstream matrix-ETS.
 
:::* Misinformation:
::::: Misinformation is the mistaken sharing of the same content ([[Wardle 2023 Issues Sci Technol |Wardle 2023]]).
 
:::* [[Prosthetic group]]:
::::: A prosthetic group is a cofactor that is ‘a tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity’ - https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:26348 (CHEBI:26348, retrieved 2023-06-21). A prosthetic group is attached permanently and tightly or even covalently to an enzyme and that is regenerated in each enzymatic turnover. FAD is the prosthetic group of flavin-linked dehydrogenases, covalently bound to CII.
 
:::* [[Substrate]]:
::::: A substrate in a chemical reaction has a negative stoichiometric number since it is consumed, whereas a product has a positive stoichiometric number since it is produced. The general definition of a substrate in an enzyme-catalized reaction relies on the definition of the chemical reaction, without restriction to the nature of the substrate, i.e. independent of the substrate being a chemical entity in solution or a loosely bound cosubstrate (coenzyme) or even a tightly bound prosthetic group. The latter may be explicitly distinguished as a bound (internal) substrate from a free (external) substrate. Even different substrate pools may coexist (CoQ).
 
:::* 2{H<sup>+</sup>+e<sup>-</sup>}
::::: In H<sup>+</sup>-linked two-electron transfer, 2H<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>-</sup>, ‘the terms reducing equivalents or electron equivalents are used to refer to electrons and/or hydrogen atoms participating in oxidoreductions’ (Lehninger 1975). The symbol 2[H] is frequently used to distinguish reducing equivalents in the transfer from hydrogen donors to hydrogen acceptors from aqueous H<sup>+</sup>. Acid-base reactions obtain equilibrium fast without catalyst, whereas the slow oxidation-reduction reactions require an enzyme to proceed. However, 2[H] does not explicitly express that it applies to both electron and hydrogen ion transfer. Brackets are avoided to exclude the confusion with amount-of-substance concentrations frequently indicated by brackets. H<sup>+</sup>-linked two-electron transfer 2{H<sup>+</sup>+e<sup>-</sup>} is distinguished from single-electron transfer {H<sup>+</sup>}+{e<sup>-</sup>}.
 
 
== Beyond version 6 ==
''Last update: 2023-11-06''
 
=== SDH: FAD ⟶ FADH<sub>2</sub>; CII: FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD ===
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:::: '''1.35''' Martínez-Reyes I, Cardona LR, Kong H, Vasan K, McElroy GS, Werner M, Kihshen H, Reczek CR, Weinberg SE, Gao P, Steinert EM, Piseaux R, Budinger GRS, Chandel NS (2020) Mitochondrial ubiquinol oxidation is necessary for tumour growth. '''Nature''' 585:288-92. - [[Martinez-Reyes 2020 Nature |»Bioblast link«]]
:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:::: '''1.40''' Mosegaard S, Dipace G, Bross P, Carlsen J, Gregersen N, Olsen RKJ (2020) Riboflavin deficiency-implications for general human health and inborn errors of metabolism. '''Int J Mol Sci''' 21:3847. - [[Mosegaard 2020 Int J Mol Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
:S1
 
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:::: '''1.41''' Nolfi-Donegan D, Braganza A, Shiva S (2020) Mitochondrial electron transport chain: Oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and methods of measurement. '''Redox Biol''' 37:101674. - [[Nolfi-Donegan 2020 Redox Biol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:::: '''1.43''' Pelletier-Galarneau M, Detmer FJ, Petibon Y, Normandin M, Ma C, Alpert NM, El Fakhri G (2021) Quantification of myocardial mitochondrial membrane potential using PET. '''Curr Cardiol Rep''' 23:70. - [[Pelletier-Galarneau 2021 Curr Cardiol Rep |»Bioblast link«]]
:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:::: '''1.47''' Sadri S, Tomar N, Yang C, Audi SH, Cowley AW Jr, Dash RK (2023) Effects of ROS pathway inhibitors and NADH and FADH<sub>2</sub> linked substrates on mitochondrial bioenergetics and ROS emission in the heart and kidney cortex and outer medulla. '''Arch Biochem Biophys''' 744:109690. - [[Sadri 2023 Arch Biochem Biophys |»Bioblast link«]]
:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:::: '''1.53''' Toleikis A, Trumbeckaite S, Liobikas J, Pauziene N, Kursvietiene L, Kopustinskiene DM (2020) Fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial morphology changes as key modulators of the affinity for ADP in rat heart mitochondria. '''Cells''' 9:340. - [[Toleikis 2020 Cells |»Bioblast link«]]
:S1
 
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:S1
 
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:S1
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:S1
 
=== FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD ===
 
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:::: '''2.1''' Arden GB, Ramsey DJ (2015) Diabetic retinopathy and a novel treatment based on the biophysics of rod photoreceptors and dark adaptation. In: Kolb H, Fernandez E, Nelson R, eds. '''Webvision''': The organization of the retina and visual system [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center; 1995-. - [[Arden 2015 Webvision |»Bioblast link«]]
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:S2
 
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:S2
 
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:S2
 
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:S2
 
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:::: '''2.23''' Garrido-Pérez N, Vela-Sebastián A, López-Gallardo E, Emperador S, Iglesias E, Meade P, Jiménez-Mallebrera C, Montoya J, Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Ruiz-Pesini E (2020) Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction modifies the cell secretome. '''Int J Mol Sci''' 21:3374. - [[Garrido-Perez 2020 Int J Mol Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
:S2
 
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:::: '''2.26''' Giachin G, Jessop M, Bouverot R, Acajjaoui S, Saïdi M, Chretien A, Bacia-Verloop M, Signor L, Mas PJ, Favier A, Borel Meneroud E, Hons M, Hart DJ, Kandiah E, Boeri Erba E, Buisson A, Leonard G, Gutsche I, Soler-Lopez M (2021) Assembly of the mitochondrial Complex I assembly complex suggests a regulatory role for deflavination. '''Angew Chem Int Ed Engl''' 60:4689-97. - [[Giachin 2021 Angew Chem Int Ed Engl |»Bioblast link«]]
:S2
 
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:::: '''2.39''' Kumar R, Landry AP, Guha A, Vitvitsky V, Lee HJ, Seike K, Reddy P, Lyssiotis CA, Banerjee R (2021) A redox cycle with complex II prioritizes sulfide quinone oxidoreductase dependent H<sub>2</sub>S oxidation. '''J Biol Chem''' 298:101435. - [[Kumar 2021 J Biol Chem |»Bioblast link«]]
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:::: '''2.43''' Liu Y, Sun Y, Guo Y, Shi X, Chen X, Feng W, Wu LL, Zhang J, Yu S, Wang Y, Shi Y (2023) An overview: the diversified role of mitochondria in cancer metabolism. '''Int J Biol Sci''' 19:897-915. - [[Liu 2023 Int J Biol Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
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:::: '''2.44''' Lozano O, Lázaro-Alfaro A, Silva-Platas C, Oropeza-Almazán Y, Torres-Quintanilla A, Bernal-Ramírez J, Alves-Figueiredo H, García-Rivas G (2019) Nanoencapsulated quercetin improves cardioprotection during hypoxia-reoxygenation injury through preservation of mitochondrial function. '''Oxid Med Cell Longev''' 2019:7683051. - [[Lozano 2019 Oxid Med Cell Longev |»Bioblast link«]]
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:::: '''2.48''' Mantle D, Heaton RA, Hargreaves IP (2021) Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub>, ageing and the nervous system: an overview. '''Antioxidants (Basel)''' 11:2. - [[Mantle 2021 Antioxidants (Basel) |»Bioblast link«]]
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:::: '''2.49''' Martínez-Reyes I, Diebold LP, Kong H, Schieber M, Huang H, Hensley CT, Mehta MM, Wang T, Santos JH, Woychik R, Dufour E, Spelbrink JN, Weinberg SE, Zhao Y, DeBerardinis RJ, Chandel NS (2016) TCA cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential are necessary for diverse biological functions. '''Mol Cell''' 61:199-209. - [[Martinez-Reyes 2016 Mol Cell |»Bioblast link«]]
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:::: '''2.50''' Mathiyazakan V, Wong CF, Harikishore A, Pethe K, Grüber G (20) Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome ''bcc:aa''3 supercomplex and a novel inhibitor targeting subunit cytochrome ''c''I. '''Antimicrob Agents Chemother''' 67:e0153122. - [[Mathiyazakan 2023 Antimicrob Agents Chemother |»Bioblast link«]]
:S2
 
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:::: '''2.52''' McCollum C, Geißelsöder S, Engelsdorf T, Voitsik AM, Voll LM (2019) Deficiencies in the mitochondrial electron transport chain affect redox poise and resistance toward Colletotrichum higginsianum. '''Front Plant Sci''' 10:1262. - [[McCollum 2019 Front Plant Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
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:S2
 
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:::: '''2.54''' McElroy GS, Reczek CR, Reyfman PA, Mithal DS, Horbinski CM, Chandel NS (2020) NAD+ regeneration rescues lifespan, but not ataxia, in a mouse model of brain mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction. '''Cell Metab''' 32:301-8.e6. - [[McElroy 2020 Cell Metab |»Bioblast link«]]
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:::: '''2.58''' Peña-Corona SI, Hernández-Parra H, Bernal-Chávez SA, Mendoza-Muñoz N, Romero-Montero A, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Cortés H, Ateşşahin DA, Habtemariam S, Almarhoon ZM, Abdull Razis AF, Modu B, Sharifi-Rad J, Leyva-Gómez G (2023) Neopeltolide and its synthetic derivatives: a promising new class of anticancer agents. '''Front Pharmacol''' 14:1206334. - [[Pena-Corona 2023 Front Pharmacol |»Bioblast link«]]
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:S2
 
=== FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ ===
 
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:::: '''3.20''' Gatti P, Ilamathi HS, Todkar K, Germain M (2020) Mitochondria targeted viral replication and survival strategies-prospective on SARS-CoV-2. '''Front Pharmacol''' 11:578599. - [[Gatti 2020 Front Pharmacol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Granger 2015 Redox Biol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Granger 2015 Redox Biol]]
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:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Himms-Hagen, Harper 2001 CORRECTION.png|250px|link=Himms-Hagen 2001 Exp Biol Med (Maywood)]]
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:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Ishii 2012 Front Oncol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Ishii 2012 Front Oncol]]
:::: '''3.23''' Ishii I, Harada Y, Kasahara T (2012) Reprofiling a classical anthelmintic, pyrvinium pamoate, as an anti-cancer drug targeting mitochondrial respiration. '''Front Oncol''' 2:137. - [[Ishii 2012 Front Oncol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Jia 2018 Cells CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Jia 2018 Cells]]
:::: '''3.24''' Jia D, Park JH, Jung KH, Levine H, Kaipparettu BA (2018) Elucidating the metabolic plasticity of cancer: mitochondrial reprogramming and hybrid metabolic states. '''Cells''' 7:21. - [[Jia 2018 Cells |»Bioblast link«]]
:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Jochmanova 2016 Clin Cancer Res CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Jochmanova 2016 Clin Cancer Res]]
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:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Klimova 2008 Cell Death Differ CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Klimova 2008 Cell Death Differ]]
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:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Lewis 2019 CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Lewis 2019 Int J Mol Sci]]
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:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Ma 2018 Cancer Lett CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Ma 2018 Cancer Lett]]
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:S3
 
:::::: [[File:Ma 2020 Sci Rep CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Ma 2020 Sci Rep]]
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:S3
 
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:S3
 
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:S3
 
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:S3


=== FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD + H<sup>+</sup> ===
== Additions to 312 references on CII-ambiguities after publication of JBC 2024 ==
Last update 2023-12-19
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=== FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD + 2H<sup>+</sup> ===


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:S4


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:S4


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:::::: [[File:George 2023 Platelets CORRECTION.png|400px|link=George 2023 Platelets]]
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:S4


=== FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD<sup>+</sup> (+H<sup>+</sup> or +2H<sup>+</sup>) ===


: '''FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD<sup>+</sup>'''
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:S5.1


:::::: [[File:Carriere 2019 Academic Press CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Carriere 2019 Academic Press]]
== Supplement: FADH<sub>2</sub> or FADH as substrate of CII in websites ==
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:::::: [[File:Che 2023 Plant Cell Environ CORRECTION.png|250px|link=Che 2023 Plant Cell Environ]]
:::: Complex II ambiguities in graphical representations on FADH<sub>2</sub> as a substrate of Complex II in the canonical forward electron transfer. FADH → FAD+H ('''g'''), FADH<sub>2</sub> → FAD+2H<sup>+</sup> ('''a’''', '''c''', '''h-n'''), and FADH<sub>2</sub> → FAD ('''a''', '''b''', '''d-f''', '''o-θ''') should be corrected to FADH<sub>2</sub> → FAD (Eq. 3b). NADH → NAD<sup>+</sup> is frequently written in graphs without showing the H<sup>+</sup> on the left side of the arrow, except for ('''p-r'''). NADH → NAD<sup>+</sup>+H<sup>+</sup> ('''a-g''', '''m'''), NADH → NAD<sup>+</sup>+2H<sup>+</sup> ('''h-l'''), NADH+H<sup>+</sup> → NAD<sup>+</sup>+2H<sup>+</sup> ('''j''', '''k'''), and NADH → NAD ('''ι''') should be corrected to NADH+H<sup>+</sup> → NAD<sup>+</sup> (Eq. 3a). (Retrieved 2023-03-21 to 2023-05-04).
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:::::: While CI functions as a proton pump, CII does not. Depicting CII as a proton pump would be analogous to falsely portraying FADH<sub>2</sub> as the substrate of CII, as if it were a copy of CI, which functions as a proton pump with NADH as its substrate.
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: '''FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD<sup>+</sup> + H<sup>+</sup>'''
 
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:S5.2
 
 
: '''FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD<sup>+</sup> + 2H<sup>+</sup>'''
 
:::::: [[File:Bratic 2013 J Clin Invest CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Bratic 2013 J Clin Invest]]
:::: '''xx''' Bratic A, Larsson NG (2013) The role of mitochondria in aging. '''J Clin Invest''' 123:951-7. - [[Bratic 2013 J Clin Invest |»Bioblast link«]]
:S5.3
 
:::::: [[File:Brischigliaro 2021 Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Brischigliaro 2021 Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg]]
:::: '''xx''' Brischigliaro M, Zeviani M (2021) Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. '''Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg''' 1862:148335. - [[Brischigliaro 2021 Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg |»Bioblast link«]]
:S5.3
 
:::::: [[File:Cerqua 2021 Springer Cham CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Cerqua 2021 Springer, Cham]]
:::: '''xx''' Cerqua C, Buson L, Trevisson E (2021) Mutations in assembly dactors required for the biogenesis of mitochondrial respiratory chain. '''Springer, Cham''' In: Navas P, Salviati L (eds) Mitochondrial diseases. - [[Cerqua 2021 Springer, Cham |»Bioblast link«]]
:S5.3
 
:::::: [[File:DeBalsi 2017 Ageing Res Rev CORRECTION.png|400px|link=DeBalsi 2017 Ageing Res Rev]]
:::: '''xx''' DeBalsi KL, Hoff KE, Copeland WC (2017) Role of the mitochondrial DNA replication machinery in mitochondrial DNA mutagenesis, aging and age-related diseases. '''Ageing Res Rev''' 33:89-104. - [[DeBalsi 2017 Ageing Res Rev |»Bioblast link«]]
:S5.3
 
:::::: [[File:Gallinat 2022 Int J Mol Sci CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Gallinat 2022 Int J Mol Sci]]
:::: '''xx''' Gallinat A, Vilahur G, Padró T, Badimon L (2022) Network-assisted systems biology analysis of the mitochondrial proteome in a pre-clinical model of ischemia, revascularization and post-conditioning. '''Int J Mol Sci''' 23:2087. - [[Gallinat 2022 Int J Mol Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
:S5.3
 
:::::: [[File:Glombik 2021 Cells CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Glombik 2021 Cells]]
:::: '''xx''' Głombik K, Detka J, Budziszewska B (2021) Hormonal regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in the brain in health and disease. '''Cells''' 10:2937. - [[Glombik 2021 Cells |»Bioblast link«]]
:S5.3
 
:::::: [[File:Keidar 2023 Front Physiol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Keidar 2023 Front Physiol]]
:::: '''xx''' Keidar N, Peretz NK, Yaniv Y (2023) Ca<sup>2+</sup> pushes and pulls energetics to maintain ATP balance in atrial cells: computational insights. '''Front Physiol''' 14:1231259. - [[Keidar 2023 Front Physiol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S5.3
 
 
: '''FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FAD<sup>2+</sup>'''
 
:::::: [[File:Yan 2014 J Diabetes Res CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Yan 2014 J Diabetes Res]]
:::: '''xx''' Yan LJ (2014) Pathogenesis of chronic hyperglycemia: from reductive stress to oxidative stress. '''J Diabetes Res''' 2014:137919. - [[Yan 2014 J Diabetes Res |»Bioblast link«]]
:S5.3
 
=== FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FADH or FADH<sup>+</sup> ===
 
: '''FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FADH'''
 
:::::: [[File:Cadonic 2016 Mol Neurobiol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Cadonic 2016 Mol Neurobiol]]
:::: '''a''' Cadonic C, Sabbir MG, Albensi BC (2016) Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. '''Mol Neurobiol''' 53:6078-90. - [[Cadonic 2016 Mol Neurobiol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
:::::: [[File:Kezic 2016 Oxid Med Cell Longev CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Kezic 2016 Oxid Med Cell Longev]]
:::: '''b''' Kezic A, Spasojevic I, Lezaic V, Bajcetic M (2016) Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants: future perspectives in kidney ischemia reperfusion injury. '''Oxid Med Cell Longev''' 2016:2950503. - [[Kezic 2016 Oxid Med Cell Longev |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
:::::: [[File:Li 2013 J Hematol Oncol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Li 2013 J Hematol Oncol]]
:::: '''c''' Li X, Fang P, Mai J, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang XF (2013) Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancers. '''J Hematol Oncol''' 6:19. - [[Li 2013 J Hematol Oncol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
:::::: [[File:Liskova 2021 Int J Mol Sci CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Liskova 2021 Int J Mol Sci]]
:::: '''xx''' Liskova A, Samec M, Koklesova L, Kudela E, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O (2021) Mitochondriopathies as a clue to systemic disorders-analytical tools and mitigating measures in context of predictive, preventive, and personalized (3P) medicine. '''Int J Mol Sci''' 22:2007. - [[Liskova 2021 Int J Mol Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
:::::: [[File:Sander 2022 Rev Med Virol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Sander 2022 Rev Med Virol]]
:::: '''xx''' Sander WJ, Fourie C, Sabiu S, O'Neill FH, Pohl CH, O'Neill HG (2022) Reactive oxygen species as potential antiviral targets. '''Rev Med Virol''' 32:e2240. - [[Sander 2022 Rev Med Virol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
:::::: [[File:Steiner 2017 Int J Biochem Cell Biol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Steiner 2017 Int J Biochem Cell Biol]]
:::: '''xx''' Steiner JL, Lang CH (2017) Etiology of alcoholic cardiomyopathy: Mitochondria, oxidative stress and apoptosis. '''Int J Biochem Cell Biol''' 89:125-35. - [[Steiner 2017 Int J Biochem Cell Biol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
:::::: [[File:Tabassum 2020 J Biomed Res Environ Sci CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Tabassum 2020 J Biomed Res Environ Sci]]
:::: '''ρ''' Tabassum N, Kheya IS, Ibn Asaduzzaman SA, Maniha SM, Fayz AH, Zakaria A, Fayz AH, Zakaria A, Noor R (2020) A review on the possible leakage of electrons through the electron transport chain within mitochondria. '''J Biomed Res Environ Sci''' 1:105-13. - [[Tabassum 2020 J Biomed Res Environ Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
:::::: [[File:Yang 2020 Transl Neurodegener CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Yang 2020 Transl Neurodegener]]
:::: '''d''' Yang L, Youngblood H, Wu C, Zhang Q (2020) Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: role of methylene blue and photobiomodulation. '''Transl Neurodegener''' 9:19. - [[Yang 2020 Transl Neurodegener |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
:::::: [[File:Yu 2023 Antioxidants (Basel) CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Yu 2023 Antioxidants (Basel)]]
:::: '''xx''' Yu T, Wang L, Zhang L, Deuster PA (2023) Mitochondrial fission as a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases: insights into antioxidant strategies. '''Antioxidants (Basel)''' 12:1163. - [[Yu 2023 Antioxidants (Basel) |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.1
 
 
: '''FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FADH +H<sup>+</sup>'''
 
:::::: [[File:Burgin 2020 FEBS Lett CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Burgin 2020 FEBS Lett]]
:::: '''xx''' Burgin HJ, McKenzie M (2020) Understanding the role of OXPHOS dysfunction in the pathogenesis of ECHS1 deficiency. '''FEBS Lett''' 594:590-610. - [[Burgin 2020 FEBS Lett |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.2
 
 
: '''FADH<sub>2</sub> ⟶ FADH<sup>+</sup>'''
 
:::::: [[File:Achreja 2022 Nat Metab CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Achreja 2022 Nat Metab]]
:::: '''xx''' Achreja A, Yu T, Mittal A, Choppara S, Animasahun O, Nenwani M, Wuchu F, Meurs N, Mohan A, Jeon JH, Sarangi I, Jayaraman A, Owen S, Kulkarni R, Cusato M, Weinberg F, Kweon HK, Subramanian C, Wicha MS, Merajver SD, Nagrath S, Cho KR, DiFeo A, Lu X, Nagrath D (2022) Metabolic collateral lethal target identification reveals MTHFD2 paralogue dependency in ovarian cancer. '''Nat Metab''' 4:1119-37. - [[Achreja 2022 Nat Metab |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.3
 
:::::: [[File:Torres 2017 Cell Metab CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Torres 2018 Cell Metab]]
:::: '''e''' Torres MJ, Kew KA, Ryan TE, Pennington ER, Lin CT, Buddo KA, Fix AM, Smith CA, Gilliam LA, Karvinen S, Lowe DA, Spangenburg EE, Zeczycki TN, Shaikh SR, Neufer PD (2018) 17β-estradiol directly lowers mitochondrial membrane microviscosity and improves bioenergetic function in skeletal muscle. '''Cell Metab''' 27:167-79. - [[Torres 2018 Cell Metab |»Bioblast link«]]
:S6.3
 
 
=== FADH or FADH<sup>+</sup> ⟶ ===
 
:::::: [[File:Johnson 2013 Eukaryot Cell CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Johnson 2013 Eukaryot Cell]]
:::: '''xx''' Johnson X, Alric J (2013) Central carbon metabolism and electron transport in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: metabolic constraints for carbon partitioning between oil and starch. '''Eukaryot Cell''' 12:776-93. - [[Johnson 2013 Eukaryot Cell |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.1
 
:::::: [[File:Kuznetsov 2022 Antioxidants (Basel) CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Kuznetsov 2022 Antioxidants (Basel)]]
:::: '''xx''' Kuznetsov AV, Margreiter R, Ausserlechner MJ, Hagenbuchner J (2022) The complex interplay between mitochondria, ROS and entire cellular metabolism. '''Antioxidants (Basel)''' 11:1995. - [[Kuznetsov 2022 Antioxidants (Basel) |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.1
 
 
: '''FADH ⟶ FAD'''
 
:::::: [[File:Diaz 2023 Front Mol Biosci CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Diaz 2023 Front Mol Biosci]]
:::: '''xx''' Diaz EC, Adams SH, Weber JL, Cotter M, Børsheim E (2023) Elevated LDL-C, high blood pressure, and low peak V˙O2 associate with platelet mitochondria function in children-The Arkansas Active Kids Study. '''Front Mol Biosci''' 10:1136975. - [[Diaz 2023 Front Mol Biosci |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.2
 
:::::: [[File:Jezek 2023 Antioxid Redox Signal CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Jezek 2023 Antioxid Redox Signal]]
:::: '''xx''' Ježek P, Jabůrek M, Holendová B, Engstová H, Dlasková A (2023) Mitochondrial cristae morphology reflecting metabolism, superoxide formation, redox homeostasis, and pathology. '''Antioxid Redox Signal'''. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2022.0173 - [[Jezek 2023 Antioxid Redox Signal |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.2
 
 
: '''FADH ⟶ FAD<sup>+</sup>'''
 
:::::: [[File:Grasso 2020 Cell Stress CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Grasso 2020 Cell Stress]]
:::: '''xx''' Grasso D, Zampieri LX, Capelôa T, Van de Velde JA, Sonveaux P (2020) Mitochondria in cancer. '''Cell Stress''' 4:114-46. - [[Grasso 2020 Cell Stress |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.3
 
:::::: [[File:Middleton 2021 Therap Adv CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Middleton 2021 Therap Adv Gastroenterol]]
:::: '''xx''' Middleton P, Vergis N (2021) Mitochondrial dysfunction and liver disease: role, relevance, and potential for therapeutic modulation. '''Therap Adv Gastroenterol''' 14:17562848211031394. - [[Middleton 2021 Therap Adv Gastroenterol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.3
 
:::::: [[File:Moudgil 2005 J Appl Physiol (1985) CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Moudgil 2005 J Appl Physiol (1985)]]
:::: '''xx''' Moudgil R, Michelakis ED, Archer SL (2005) Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. '''J Appl Physiol (1985)''' 98:390-403. - [[Moudgil 2005 J Appl Physiol (1985) |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.3
 
 
: '''FADH ⟶ FAD<sup>+</sup> +H<sup>+</sup>'''
 
:::::: [[File:Puntel 2013 Toxicol In Vitro CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Puntel 2013 Toxicol In Vitro]]
:::: '''xx''' Puntel RL, Roos DH, Seeger RL, Rocha JB (2013) Mitochondrial electron transfer chain complexes inhibition by different organochalcogens. '''Toxicol In Vitro''' 27:59-70. - [[Puntel 2013 Toxicol In Vitro |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.4
 
 
: '''FADH ⟶ FAD +2H<sup>+</sup>'''
 
:::::: [[File:Xing 2022 Atlantis Press CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Xing 2022 Atlantis Press]]
:::: '''i''' Xing Yunxie (2022) Is genome instability a significant cause of aging? A review. '''Atlantis Press'''. - [[Xing 2022 Atlantis Press |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.5
 
 
: '''FADH<sup>+</sup> ⟶ FAD'''
 
:::::: [[File:Catania 2019 Orphanet J Rare Dis CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Catania 2019 Orphanet J Rare Dis]]
:::: '''xx''' Catania A, Iuso A, Bouchereau J, Kremer LS, Paviolo M, Terrile C, Bénit P, Rasmusson AG, Schwarzmayr T, Tiranti V, Rustin P, Rak M, Prokisch H, Schiff M (2019) Arabidopsis thaliana alternative dehydrogenases: a potential therapy for mitochondrial complex I deficiency? Perspectives and pitfalls. '''Orphanet J Rare Dis''' 14:236. - [[Catania 2019 Orphanet J Rare Dis |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.6
 
 
=== FAD or FAD<sup>+</sup> ⟶ or other ===
 
: '''FAD or FAD<sup>+</sup> ⟶'''
 
:::::: [[File:Ahmad 2017 Springer, Cham CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Ahmad 2017 Springer, Cham]]
:::: '''##''' Ahmad G, Almasry M, Dhillon AS, Abuayyash MM, Kothandaraman N, Cakar Z (2017) Overview and sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the reproductive system. In: Agarwal A, et al (eds) Oxidative stress in human reproduction. '''Springer, Cham'''. - [[Ahmad 2017 Springer, Cham |»Bioblast link«]]
:S8.1
 
:::::: [[File:Irazabal 2020 Cells CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Irazabal 2020 Cells]]
:::: '''##''' Irazabal MV, Torres VE (2020) Reactive oxygen species and redox signaling in chronic kidney disease. '''Cells''' 9:1342. - [[Irazabal 2020 Cells |»Bioblast link«]]
:S8.1
 
:::::: [[File:LaMoia 2022 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A CORRECTION.png|400px|link=LaMoia 2022 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]
:::: '''xx''' LaMoia TE, Butrico GM, Kalpage HA, Goedeke L, Hubbard BT, Vatner DF, Gaspar RC, Zhang XM, Cline GW, Nakahara K, Woo S, Shimada A, Hüttemann M, Shulman GI (2022) Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis. '''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A''' 119:e2122287119. - [[LaMoia 2022 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |»Bioblast link«]]
:S8.1
 
:::::: [[File:Chinopoulos 2013 J Neurosci Res CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Chinopoulos 2013 J Neurosci Res]]
:::: '''xx''' Chinopoulos C (2013) Which way does the citric acid cycle turn during hypoxia? The critical role of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. '''J Neurosci Res''' 91:1030-43. - [[Chinopoulos 2013 J Neurosci Res |»Bioblast link«]]
:S8.1
 
 
: '''FADH2+ Succinate ⟶ Fumarate +2H+'''
 
:::::: [[File:Andrieux 2021 Int J Mol Sci CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Andrieux 2021 Int J Mol Sci]]
:::: '''xx''' Andrieux P, Chevillard C, Cunha-Neto E, Nunes JPS (2021) Mitochondria as a cellular hub in infection and inflammation. '''Int J Mol Sci''' 22:11338. - [[Andrieux 2021 Int J Mol Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
:S8.2
 
 
: '''FADH2 ⟶ CI ⟶ CII'''
 
:::::: [[File:Huss 2005 J Clin Invest CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Huss 2005 J Clin Invest]]
:::: '''xx''' Huss JM, Kelly DP (2005) Mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: a question of balance. '''J Clin Invest''' 115:547-55. - [[Huss 2005 J Clin Invest |»Bioblast link«]]
:S8.3
 
 
: '''ETF ⟶ CII'''
 
:::::: [[File:Bugarski 2018 Am J Physiol Renal Physiol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Bugarski 2018 Am J Physiol Renal Physiol]]
:::: '''xx''' Bugarski M, Martins JR, Haenni D, Hall AM (2018) Multiphoton imaging reveals axial differences in metabolic autofluorescence signals along the kidney proximal tubule. '''Am J Physiol Renal Physiol''' 315:F1613-25. - [[Bugarski 2018 Am J Physiol Renal Physiol |»Bioblast link«]]
:S8.4
 
== Supplement 7. FADH<sub>2</sub> or FADH as substrate of CII in websites ==
 
:::: '''Figure S7'''. Complex II ambiguities in graphical representations on FADH<sub>2</sub> as a substrate of Complex II in the canonical forward electron transfer. FADH → FAD+H ('''g'''), FADH<sub>2</sub> → FAD+2H<sup>+</sup> ('''a’''', '''c''', '''h-n'''), and FADH<sub>2</sub> → FAD ('''a''', '''b''', '''d-f''', '''o-θ''') should be corrected to FADH<sub>2</sub> → FAD (Eq. 3b). NADH → NAD<sup>+</sup> is frequently written in graphs without showing the H<sup>+</sup> on the left side of the arrow, except for ('''p-r'''). NADH → NAD<sup>+</sup>+H<sup>+</sup> ('''a-g''', '''m'''), NADH → NAD<sup>+</sup>+2H<sup>+</sup> ('''h-l'''), NADH+H<sup>+</sup> → NAD<sup>+</sup>+2H<sup>+</sup> ('''j''', '''k'''), and NADH → NAD ('''ι''') should be corrected to NADH+H<sup>+</sup> → NAD<sup>+</sup> (Eq. 3a). (Retrieved 2023-03-21 to 2023-05-04).


:::::: [[File:OpenStax Biology.png|400px]]
:::::: [[File:OpenStax Biology.png|400px]]
Line 1,544: Line 297:




== FAO and CII ambiguitiy ==
<big>'''from FAO and CII ambiguitiy to CII as a H<sup>+</sup> in websites'''</big>
 
:::::: [[File:Balasubramaniam 2020 J Transl Genet Genom CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Balasubramaniam 2020 J Transl Genet Genom]]
:::: '''xx''' Balasubramaniam S, Yaplito-Lee J (2020) Riboflavin metabolism: role in mitochondrial function. '''J Transl Genet Genom''' 4:285-306. - [[Balasubramaniam 2020 J Transl Genet Genom |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Bertero 2018 Nat Rev Cardiol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Bertero 2018 Nat Rev Cardiol]]
:::: '''xx''' Bertero E, Maack C (2018) Metabolic remodelling in heart failure. '''Nat Rev Cardiol''' 15:457-70. - [[Bertero 2018 Nat Rev Cardiol |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Bugarski 2018 Am J Physiol Renal Physiol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Bugarski 2018 Am J Physiol Renal Physiol]]
:::: '''xx''' Bugarski M, Martins JR, Haenni D, Hall AM (2018) Multiphoton imaging reveals axial differences in metabolic autofluorescence signals along the kidney proximal tubule. '''Am J Physiol Renal Physiol''' 315:F1613-25. - [[Bugarski 2018 Am J Physiol Renal Physiol |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Cortassa 2019 Front Physiol CORRECTION.png|250px|link=Cortassa 2019 Front Physiol]]
:::: '''xx''' Cortassa S, Aon MA, Sollott SJ (2019) Control and regulation of substrate selection in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial catabolic networks. A systems biology analysis. '''Front Physiol''' 10:201. - [[Cortassa 2019 Front Physiol |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:DiMauro 2003 N Engl J Med CORRECTION.png|400px|link=DiMauro 2003 N Engl J Med]]
:::: '''xx''' DiMauro S, Schon EA (2003) Mitochondrial respiratory-chain diseases. '''N Engl J Med''' 348:2656-68. - [[DiMauro 2003 N Engl J Med |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Esparza-Molto 2020 Antioxid Redox Signal CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Esparza-Molto 2020 Antioxid Redox Signal]]
:::: '''xx''' Esparza-Moltó PB, Cuezva JM (2020) Reprogramming oxidative phosphorylation in cancer: a role for RNA-binding proteins. '''Antioxid Redox Signal''' 33:927-45. - [[Esparza-Molto 2020 Antioxid Redox Signal |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Frangos 2023 J Biol Chem CORRECTION.png|250px|link=Frangos 2023 J Biol Chem]]
:::: '''xx''' Frangos SM, DesOrmeaux GJ, Holloway GP (2023) Acidosis attenuates CPT-I supported bioenergetics as a potential mechanism limiting lipid oxidation. '''J Biol Chem''' 299:105079. - [[Frangos 2023 J Biol Chem |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Hinder 2019 Sci Rep CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Hinder 2019 Sci Rep]]
:::: '''xx''' Hinder LM, Sas KM, O'Brien PD, Backus C, Kayampilly P, Hayes JM, Lin CM, Zhang H, Shanmugam S, Rumora AE, Abcouwer SF, Brosius FC 3rd, Pennathur S, Feldman EL (2019) Mitochondrial uncoupling has no effect on microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. '''Sci Rep''' 9:881. - [[Hinder 2019 Sci Rep |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Huss 2005 J Clin Invest CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Huss 2005 J Clin Invest]]
:::: '''xx''' Huss JM, Kelly DP (2005) Mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: a question of balance. '''J Clin Invest''' 115:547-55. - [[Huss 2005 J Clin Invest |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Kikusato 2016 Proc Jpn Soc Anim Nutr Metab CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Kikusato 2016 Proc Jpn Soc Anim Nutr Metab]]
:::: '''xx''' Kikusato M, Furukawa K, Kamizono T, Hakamata Y, Toyomizu M (2016) Roles of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species generation in the metabolic modification of avian skeletal muscle. '''Proc Jpn Soc Anim Nutr Metab''' 60:57-68. - [[Kikusato 2016 Proc Jpn Soc Anim Nutr Metab |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Kraegen 2008 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Kraegen 2008 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]
:::: '''xx''' Kraegen EW, Cooney GJ, Turner N (2008) Muscle insulin resistance: a case of fat overconsumption, not mitochondrial dysfunction. '''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A''' 105:7627-8. - [[Kraegen 2008 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Loussouarn 2021 Front Immunol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Loussouarn 2021 Front Immunol]]
:::: '''xx''' Loussouarn C, Pers YM, Bony C, Jorgensen C, Noël D (2021) Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles regulate the mitochondrial metabolism via transfer of miRNAs. '''Front Immunol''' 12:623973. - [[Loussouarn 2021 Front Immunol |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Ma 2018 Cancer Lett CORRECTION.png|250px|link=Ma 2018 Cancer Lett]]
:::: '''xx''' Ma Y, Temkin SM, Hawkridge AM, Guo C, Wang W, Wang XY, Fang X (2018) Fatty acid oxidation: an emerging facet of metabolic transformation in cancer. '''Cancer Lett''' 435:92-100. - [[Ma 2018 Cancer Lett |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Ma 2020 Sci Rep CORRECTION.png|250px|link=Ma 2020 Sci Rep]]
:::: '''xx''' Ma Y, Wang W, Devarakonda T, Zhou H, Wang XY, Salloum FN, Spiegel S, Fang X (2020) Functional analysis of molecular and pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. '''Sci Rep''' 10:1450. - [[Ma 2020 Sci Rep |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Massart 2013 Curr Pathobiol Rep CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Massart 2013 Curr Pathobiol Rep]]
:::: '''xx''' Massart J, Begriche K, Buron N, Porceddu M, Borgne-Sanchez A, Fromenty B (2013) Drug-induced inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and steatosis. '''Curr Pathobiol Rep''' 1:147–57. - [[Massart 2013 Curr Pathobiol Rep |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Merritt 2020 Rev Endocr Metab Disord CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Merritt 2020 Rev Endocr Metab Disord]]
:::: '''xx''' Merritt JL 2nd, MacLeod E, Jurecka A, Hainline B (2020) Clinical manifestations and management of fatty acid oxidation disorders. '''Rev Endocr Metab Disord''' 21:479-93. - [[Merritt 2020 Rev Endocr Metab Disord |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Murray 2009 Genome Med CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Murray 2009 Genome Med]]
:::: '''xx''' Murray AJ (2009) Metabolic adaptation of skeletal muscle to high altitude hypoxia: how new technologies could resolve the controversies. '''Genome Med''' 1:117. - [[Murray 2009 Genome Med |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Picard 2012 Am J Respir Crit Care Med CORRECTION.png|250px|link=Picard 2012 Am J Respir Crit Care Med]]
:::: '''xx''' Picard M, Jung B, Liang F, Azuelos I, Hussain S, Goldberg P, Godin R, Danialou G, Chaturvedi R, Rygiel K, Matecki S, Jaber S, Des Rosiers C, Karpati G, Ferri L, Burelle Y, Turnbull DM, Taivassalo T, Petrof BJ (2012) Mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid accumulation in the human diaphragm during mechanical ventilation. '''Am J Respir Crit Care Med''' 186:1140-9. - [[Picard 2012 Am J Respir Crit Care Med |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Picard 2018 Biol Psychiatry CORRECTION.png|250px|link=Picard 2018 Biol Psychiatry]]
:::: '''xx''' Picard M, McEwen BS (2018) Psychological stress and mitochondria: a systematic review. '''Psychosom Med''' 80:141-53. - [[Picard 2018 Psychosom Med |»Bioblast link«]]
:::::: '''xx''' Copied by: Picard M, Prather AA, Puterman E, Cuillerier A, Coccia M, Aschbacher K, Burelle Y, Epel ES (2018) A mitochondrial health index sensitive to mood and caregiving stress. '''Biol Psychiatry''' 84:9-17. - [[Picard 2018 Biol Psychiatry |»Bioblast link«]]
:::::: '''xx''' Copied by: Karan KR, Trumpff C, McGill MA, Thomas JE, Sturm G, Lauriola V, Sloan RP, Rohleder N, Kaufman BA, Marsland AL, Picard M (2020) Mitochondrial respiratory capacity modulates LPS-induced inflammatory signatures in human blood. '''Brain Behav Immun Health''' 5:100080. - [[Karan 2020 Brain Behav Immun Health |»Bioblast link«]]
:::::: '''xx''' Copied by: Bindra S, McGill MA, Triplett MK, Tyagi A, Thaker PH, Dahmoush L, Goodheart MJ, Ogden RT, Owusu-Ansah E, R Karan K, Cole S, Sood AK, Lutgendorf SK, Picard M (2021) Mitochondria in epithelial ovarian carcinoma exhibit abnormal phenotypes and blunted associations with biobehavioral factors. '''Sci Rep''' 11:11595. - [[Bindra 2021 Sci Rep |»Bioblast link«]]
:::::: '''xx''' Copied by: Rausser S, Trumpff C, McGill MA, Junker A, Wang W, Ho SH, Mitchell A, Karan KR, Monk C, Segerstrom SC, Reed RG, Picard M (2021) Mitochondrial phenotypes in purified human immune cell subtypes and cell mixtures. '''Elife''' 10:e70899. - [[Rausser 2021 Elife |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Prasun 2020 J Diabetes Metab Disord CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Prasun 2020 J Diabetes Metab Disord]]
:::: '''xx''' Prasun P (2020) Role of mitochondria in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. '''J Diabetes Metab Disord''' 19:2017-22. - [[Prasun 2020 J Diabetes Metab Disord |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Rinaldo 2002 Annu Rev Physiol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Rinaldo 2002 Annu Rev Physiol]]
:::: '''xx''' Rinaldo P, Matern D, Bennett MJ (2002) Fatty acid oxidation disorders. '''Annu Rev Physiol''' 64:477-502. - [[Rinaldo 2002 Annu Rev Physiol |»Bioblast link«]]
:::: '''xx''' Bennett MJ, Sheng F, Saada A (2020) Biochemical assays of TCA cycle and β-oxidation metabolites. '''Methods Cell Biol''' 155:83-120. - [[Bennett 2020 Methods Cell Biol |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Toleikis 2020 Cells CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Toleikis 2020 Cells]]
:::: '''xx''' Toleikis A, Trumbeckaite S, Liobikas J, Pauziene N, Kursvietiene L, Kopustinskiene DM (2020) Fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial morphology changes as key modulators of the affinity for ADP in rat heart mitochondria. '''Cells''' 9:340. - [[Toleikis 2020 Cells |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Vockley 2021 Cambridge Univ Press CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Vockley 2021 Cambridge Univ Press]]
:::: '''xx''' Vockley J (2021) Inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation. In: Suchy FS, Sokol RJ, Balistreri WF (eds) Liver disease in children. '''Cambridge Univ Press''':611-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108918978.034 - [[Vockley 2021 Cambridge Univ Press |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Zhang 2021 Cells CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Zhang 2021 Cells]]
:::: '''xx''' Zhang X, Tomar N, Kandel SM, Audi SH, Cowley AW Jr, Dash RK (2021) Substrate- and calcium-dependent differential regulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and energy production in the heart and kidney. '''Cells''' 11:131. - [[Zhang 2021 Cells |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>


:::::: [[File:CHM333 LECTURES CORRECTION.png|250px]]
:::::: [[File:CHM333 LECTURES CORRECTION.png|250px]]
Line 1,657: Line 309:


:::: '''Website 51''': [https://www.chem.purdue.edu/courses/chm333/Spring%202013/Lectures/Spring%202013%20Lecture%2037%20-%2038.pdf CHM333 LECTURES 37 & 38: 4/27 – 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna]: Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is listed under 'Electron transfer in Complex II'.
:::: '''Website 51''': [https://www.chem.purdue.edu/courses/chm333/Spring%202013/Lectures/Spring%202013%20Lecture%2037%20-%2038.pdf CHM333 LECTURES 37 & 38: 4/27 – 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna]: Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is listed under 'Electron transfer in Complex II'.
== From CGpDH and other pathways to FADH<sub>2</sub> to CII? ==
[[File:Blanco 2017 Academic Press CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Blanco 2017 Academic Press]] <big><big>///</big></big> [[File:Willson 2022 Blood CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Willson 2022 Blood]]  <big><big>///</big></big>  [[File:Rai 2022 G3 (Bethesda) CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Rai 2022 G3 (Bethesda)]] <big><big>///</big></big> [[File:Koopman 2016 Nat Protoc CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Koopman 2016 Nat Protoc]]
:::: ''Comment'' ([[Cardoso Luiza]], [[Gnaiger Erich]], 2023-08-06):
'''Fig. 9.19 from [[Blanco 2017 Academic Press| Blanco, Blanco (2017)]]''', '''Fig. 1 from [[Willson 2022 Blood| Willson et al (2022)]]''', and '''Fig. 1 from [[Rai 2022 G3 (Bethesda)| Rai et al (2022)]]''' show FADH<sub>2</sub> <span style="color:red">(1)</span> to be formed in the mitochondrial matrix from <span style="color:red">GPDH</span>, GPD2, or <span style="color:red">GPO1</span> (all indicating [[CGpDH]]) and from the TCA cycle ('''Fig. 1 [[Rai 2022 G3 (Bethesda)| Rai et al (2022)]]'''), then <span style="color:red">(2)</span> feeding electrons further '<span style="color:red">To respiratory chain</span>', the 'ETC', or 'Electron Transport Chain' ([[ETS]]). Combined with FADH<sub>2</sub> shown <span style="color:red">(1)</span> to be formed in the mt-matrix from the TCA cycle and <span style="color:red">(2)</span> feeding into CII ('''Fig. 1 from [[Koopman 2016 Nat Protoc| Koopman et al (2016)]]'''; among >120 examples discussed as CII-[[Ambiguity crisis |ambiguities]]), one may arrive at the erroneous conclusion on a direct role of CII in the oxidation of glycerophosphate, analogous to false representations of CII involved in fatty acid oxidation.
:::::: [[File:Blanco 2017 Academic Press CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Blanco 2017 Academic Press]]
:::: '''xx''' Blanco A, Blanco G (2017) Chapter 9 - Biological oxidations: bioenergetics. In Blanco A, Blanco G, eds, Medical biochemistry. '''Academic Press''':177-204. - [[Blanco 2017 Academic Press |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Covarrubias 2021 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Covarrubias 2021 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol]]
:::: '''xx''' Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E (2021) NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. '''Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol''' 22:119-41. - [[Covarrubias 2021 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Hashimoto 2006 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Hashimoto 2006 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab]]
:::: '''##''' Hashimoto T, Hussien R, Brooks GA (2006) Colocalization of MCT1, CD147, and LDH in mitochondrial inner membrane of L6 muscle cells: evidence of a mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex. '''Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab''' 290:E1237-44. - [[Hashimoto 2006 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:LaMoia 2022 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A CORRECTION.png|400px|link=LaMoia 2022 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]
:::: '''xx''' LaMoia TE, Butrico GM, Kalpage HA, Goedeke L, Hubbard BT, Vatner DF, Gaspar RC, Zhang XM, Cline GW, Nakahara K, Woo S, Shimada A, Hüttemann M, Shulman GI (2022) Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis. '''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A''' 119:e2122287119. - [[LaMoia 2022 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Lautrup 2019 Cell Metab CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Lautrup 2019 Cell Metab]]
:::: '''##''' Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF (2019) NAD<sup>+</sup> in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. '''Cell Metab''' 30:630-55. - [[Lautrup 2019 Cell Metab |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Willson 2022 Blood CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Willson 2022 Blood]]
:::: '''xx''' Willson JA, Arienti S, Sadiku P, Reyes L, Coelho P, Morrison T, Rinaldi G, Dockrell DH, Whyte MKB, Walmsley SR (2022) Neutrophil HIF-1α stabilization is augmented by mitochondrial ROS produced via the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle. '''Blood''' 139:281-6. - [[Willson 2022 Blood |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Xiao 2018 Antioxid Redox Signal CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Xiao 2018 Antioxid Redox Signal]]
:::: '''##''' Xiao W, Wang RS, Handy DE, Loscalzo J (2018) NAD(H) and NADP(H) redox couples and cellular energy metabolism. '''Antioxid Redox Signal''' 28:251–72. - [[Xiao 2018 Antioxid Redox Signal |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Cogliati 2021 Biochem Soc Trans CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Cogliati 2021 Biochem Soc Trans]]
:::: '''xx''' Cogliati S, Cabrera-Alarcón JL, Enriquez JA (2021) Regulation and functional role of the electron transport chain supercomplexes. Biochem Soc Trans 49:2655-68. - [[Cogliati 2021 Biochem Soc Trans |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Mosegaard 2020 Int J Mol Sci CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Mosegaard 2020 Int J Mol Sci]]
:::: '''xx''' Mosegaard S, Dipace G, Bross P, Carlsen J, Gregersen N, Olsen RKJ (2020) Riboflavin deficiency-implications for general human health and inborn errors of metabolism. '''Int J Mol Sci''' 21:3847. - [[Mosegaard 2020 Int J Mol Sci |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
== Supplement 9. CII as a H<sup>+</sup> pump ==
:::::: [[File:Cronshaw 2019 Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Cronshaw 2019 Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg]]
:::: '''a''' Cronshaw M, Parker S, Arany P (2019) Feeling the heat: evolutionary and microbial basis for the analgesic mechanisms of photobiomodulation therapy. '''Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg''' 37:517-26. - [[Cronshaw 2019 Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Dumollard 2007 Development CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Dumollard 2007 Development]]
:::: '''xx''' Dumollard R, Ward Z, Carroll J, Duchen MR (2007) Regulation of redox metabolism in the mouse oocyte and embryo. '''Development''' 134:455-65. - [[Dumollard 2007 Development |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>
:::::: [[File:Jian 2020 Cell Metab CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Jian 2020 Cell Metab]]
:::: '''b''' Jian C, Fu J, Cheng X, Shen LJ, Ji YX, Wang X, Pan S, Tian H, Tian S, Liao R, Song K, Wang HP, Zhang X, Wang Y, Huang Z, She ZG, Zhang XJ, Zhu L, Li H (2020) Low-dose sorafenib acts as a mitochondrial uncoupler and ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. '''Cell Metab''' 31:892-908. - [[Jian 2020 Cell Metab |»Bioblast link«]] 
:::::: While CI functions as a proton pump, CII does not. Depicting CII as a proton pump would be analogous to falsely portraying FADH<sub>2</sub> as the substrate of CII, as if it were a copy of CI, which functions as a proton pump with NADH as its substrate.
<br>
:::::: [[File:Shirakawa 2023 Sci Rep CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Shirakawa 2023 Sci Rep]]
:::: '''c''' Shirakawa R, Nakajima T, Yoshimura A, Kawahara Y, Orito C, Yamane M, Handa H, Takada S, Furihata T, Fukushima A, Ishimori N, Nakagawa M, Yokota I, Sabe H, Hashino S, Kinugawa S, Yokota T (2023) Enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with fatty liver in obese young adults. '''Sci Rep''' 13:5203. - [[Shirakawa 2023 Sci Rep |»Bioblast link«]]
:::::: While CI functions as a proton pump, CII does not. Depicting CII as a proton pump would be analogous to falsely portraying FADH<sub>2</sub> as the substrate of CII, as if it were a copy of CI, which functions as a proton pump with NADH as its substrate.
<br>
:::::: [[File:Xing 2022 Atlantis Press CORRECTION.png|400px|link=Xing 2022 Atlantis Press]]
:::: '''i''' Xing Yunxie (2022) Is genome instability a significant cause of aging? A review. '''Atlantis Press'''. - [[Xing 2022 Atlantis Press |»Bioblast link«]]
:S7.5




:::::: [[File:Expii-Gabi Slizewska CORRECTION.png|400px]]
:::::: [[File:Expii-Gabi Slizewska CORRECTION.png|400px]]
:::: '''d''': [https://www.expii.com/t/electron-transport-chain-summary-diagrams-10139 expii expii - Image source: By Gabi Slizewska]: ‘FADH<sub>2</sub> from glycolysis and Krebs cycle is oxidized to FAD by Complex II. It also releases H<sup>+</sup> ions into the intermembrane space and passes off electrons’ (retrieved 2023-05-04).
:::: '''xx''': [https://www.expii.com/t/electron-transport-chain-summary-diagrams-10139 expii expii - Image source: By Gabi Slizewska]: ‘FADH<sub>2</sub> from glycolysis and Krebs cycle is oxidized to FAD by Complex II. It also releases H<sup>+</sup> ions into the intermembrane space and passes off electrons’ (retrieved 2023-05-04).


:::::: [[File:BioNinja 1 CORRECTION.png|400px]]
:::::: [[File:BioNinja 1 CORRECTION.png|400px]]
:::::: [[File:BioNinja 2 CORRECTION.png|400px]]
:::::: [[File:BioNinja 2 CORRECTION.png|400px]]
:::: '''e''','''f''': [https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-8-metabolism-cell/untitled/electron-transport-chain.html BioNinja] (retrieved 2023-05-04).
:::: '''xx''': [https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-8-metabolism-cell/untitled/electron-transport-chain.html BioNinja] (retrieved 2023-05-04).
 
== Beyond preprint ==
 
:::::: [[File:Grandoch 2019 Nat Metab CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Grandoch 2019 Nat Metab]]
:::: '''1''' Grandoch M, Flögel U, Virtue S, Maier JK, Jelenik T, Kohlmorgen C, Feldmann K, Ostendorf Y, Castañeda TR, Zhou Z, Yamaguchi Y, Nascimento EBM, Sunkari VG, Goy C, Kinzig M, Sörgel F, Bollyky PL, Schrauwen P, Al-Hasani H, Roden M, Keipert S, Vidal-Puig A, Jastroch M5, Haendeler J, Fischer JW (2019) 4-Methylumbelliferone improves the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue. '''Nat Metab''' 1:546-59. - [[Grandoch 2019 Nat Metab |»Bioblast link«]]
:::::: '''NADH''' is shown as the '''''product''''' of the reaction catalyzed by CI in respiration. This error is rare in the literature, but comparable to the error frequenty encountered when '''FADH<sub>2</sub>''' is shown as the '''''substrate''''' of CII.
<br>
 
:::::: [[File:Lancaster 2002 Biochim Biophys Acta.png|300px|link=Lancaster 2002 Biochim Biophys Acta]] [[File:Lancaster 2001 FEBS Lett CORRECTION.png|300px|link=Lancaster 2001 FEBS Lett]]
:::: '''2''' Lancaster CR (2002) Succinate:quinone oxidoreductases: an overview. '''Biochim Biophys Acta''' 1553:1-6. - [[Lancaster 2002 Biochim Biophys Acta |»Bioblast link«]]
:::::: fumarate + 2H<sup>+</sup> shown besides NADH + H<sup>+</sup> is ambiguous.
:::: '''3''' Lancaster CR (2001) Succinate:quinone oxidoreductases--what can we learn from Wolinella succinogenes quinol:fumarate reductase?. '''FEBS Lett''' 504:133-41. - [[Lancaster 2001 FEBS Lett |»Bioblast link«]]
<br>


{{Template:Keywords: Substrates and cofactors}}
{{Template:Keywords: Substrates and cofactors}}
[[Category:Ambiguity crisis - CII and FADH2]]
[[Category:Ambiguity crisis - CII and FADH2]]
{{Labeling
{{Labeling
|area=Patients, mt-Awareness
|enzymes=Complex II;succinate dehydrogenase
|enzymes=Complex II;succinate dehydrogenase
|additional=Ambiguity crisis, FAT4BRAIN, Publication:FAT4BRAIN
|additional=Ambiguity crisis, FAT4BRAIN, Publication:FAT4BRAIN
}}
}}

Revision as of 10:13, 21 December 2023

Publications in the MiPMap
Gnaiger E (2023) Complex II ambiguities ― FADH2 in the electron transfer system. MitoFit Preprints 2023.3.v6. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2023-0003.v6 - Published 2023-11-22 J Biol Chem (2024)

» MitoFit Preprints 2023.3.v6.

MitoFit pdf

Complex II ambiguities ― FADH2 in the electron transfer system

Gnaiger Erich (2023) MitoFit Prep

Abstract:

CII-ambiguities Graphical abstract.png
Gnaiger E (2024) Complex II ambiguities ― FADH2 in the electron transfer system. J Biol Chem 300:105470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105470
Version 6 (v6) 2023-06-21
Version 5 (v5) 2023-05-31, (v4) 2023-05-12, (v3) 2023-05-04, (v2) 2023-04-04, (v1) 2023-03-24 - »Link to all versions«

The prevailing notion that reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the mitochondrial electron transfer system creates ambiguities regarding respiratory Complex II (CII). The succinate dehydrogenase subunit SDHA of CII oxidizes succinate and reduces the covalently bound prosthetic group FAD to FADH2 in the canonical forward tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, several graphical representations of the electron transfer system depict FADH2 in the mitochondrial matrix as a substrate to be oxidized by CII. This leads to the false conclusion that FADH2 from the β-oxidation cycle in fatty acid oxidation feeds electrons into CII. In reality, dehydrogenases of fatty acid oxidation channel electrons to the coenzyme Q-junction but not through CII. The ambiguities surrounding Complex II in the literature and educational resources call for quality control, to secure scientific standards in current communications of bioenergetics, and ultimately support adequate clinical applications. This review aims to raise awareness of the inherent ambiguity crisis, complementing efforts to address the well-acknowledged issues of credibility and reproducibility.
• Keywords: coenzyme; cofactor; prosthetic group; coenzyme Q junction, Q-junction; Complex II, CII; H+-linked electron transfer; electron transfer system, ETS; matrix-ETS; membrane-ETS; fatty acid oxidation, FAO; flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD/FADH2; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+/NADH; succinate dehydrogenase, SDH; tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA; substrate; Gibbs force

• O2k-Network Lab: AT Innsbruck Oroboros

» Links: Ambiguity crisis, Complex II ambiguities, Complex I and hydrogen ion ambiguities in the electron transfer system
Acknowledgements: I thank Luiza H.D. Cardoso, Sabine Schmitt, and Chris Donnelly for stimulating discussions, and Paolo Cocco for expert help on the graphical abstract and Figures 1d and e. The constructive comments of an anonymous reviewer (J Biol Chem) are explicitly acknowledged. Contribution to the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Grant 857394 (FAT4BRAIN).

Additions to 312 references on CII-ambiguities after publication of JBC 2024

Last update 2023-12-19
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Supplement: FADH2 or FADH as substrate of CII in websites

Complex II ambiguities in graphical representations on FADH2 as a substrate of Complex II in the canonical forward electron transfer. FADH → FAD+H (g), FADH2 → FAD+2H+ (a’, c, h-n), and FADH2 → FAD (a, b, d-f, o-θ) should be corrected to FADH2 → FAD (Eq. 3b). NADH → NAD+ is frequently written in graphs without showing the H+ on the left side of the arrow, except for (p-r). NADH → NAD++H+ (a-g, m), NADH → NAD++2H+ (h-l), NADH+H+ → NAD++2H+ (j, k), and NADH → NAD (ι) should be corrected to NADH+H+ → NAD+ (Eq. 3a). (Retrieved 2023-03-21 to 2023-05-04).
OpenStax Biology.png
(a)
Website 1 (a,b): OpenStax Biology - Fig. 7.10 Oxidative phosphorylation (CC BY 3.0). - OpenStax Biology got it wrong in figures and text. The error is copied without quality assessment and propagated in several links.
Website 2 (a,b): Concepts of Biology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair - Fig. 4.19a
Website 3 (a,b): Pharmaguideline
Website 4 (a,b): Texas Gateway - Figure 7.11
Website 5 (a,b): - CUNY
Website 6 (a,b): lumen Biology for Majors I - Fig. 1
Website 7 (a): LibreTexts Biology Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain - Figure 7.11.1
Website 8 (a): - Brain Brooder
Khan Academy modified from OpenStax CORRECTION.png
(a’)
Website 9 (a’,b,v): Khan Academy - Image modified from "Oxidative phosphorylation: Figure 1", by OpenStax College, Biology (CC BY 3.0). Figure and text underscore the FADH2-error: "FADH2 .. feeds them (electrons) into the transport chain through complex II."
Website 10 (a’,b,v): Saylor Academy
Expii OpenStax CORRECTION.png
(b)
Website 1 (a,b): OpenStax Biology - Fig. 7.12
Website 2 (a,b): Concepts of Biology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair - Fig. 4.19c
Website 3 (a,b): Pharmaguideline
Website 4 (a,b): Texas Gateway - Figure 7.13
Website 5 (a,b): - CUNY
Website 6 (a,b): lumen Biology for Majors I - Fig. 3
Website 9 (a’,b,v): Khan Academy - Image modified from "Oxidative phosphorylation: Figure 3," by Openstax College, Biology (CC BY 3.0)
Website 10 (a’,b,v): Saylor Academy
Website 11 (b,c,n,w,β): expii - Image source: By CNX OpenStax
Biologydictionary.net CORRECTION.png
(c)
Website 11 (b,c,n,w,β): expii - Image source: By CNX OpenStax
Website 12 (c,t): ThoughtCo - extender01 / iStock / Getty Images Plus
Website 13 (c): wikimedia 30148497 - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013-06-19
Website 14 (c): biologydictionary.net 2018-08-21
Website 15 (c): Quora
Website 16 (c): TeachMePhysiology - Fig. 1. 2023-03-13
Website 17 (c): toppr
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(d)
Website 18 (d): Labxchange - Figure 8.15 credit: modification of work by Klaus Hoffmeier
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Website 19 (e): Jack Westin MCAT Courses
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Website 20 (f): videodelivery
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Website 21 (g): - SparkNotes
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Website 22 (h,t): researchtweet
Website 23 (h): Microbe Notes
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Website 24 (i): FlexBooks - CK-12 Biology for High School- 2.28 Electron Transport, Figure 2
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Website 25 (j): Labster Theory
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Website 26 (k): nau.edu
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Website 27 (l): ScienceFacts
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Website 28 (m): cK-12
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Website 11 (b,c,n,w,β): expii - Image source: By CNX OpenStax
Website 29 (n): Wikimedia
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Website 30 (o): creative-biolabs
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Website 31 (p): dreamstime
Website 32 (p): VectorMine
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Website 33: YouTube Dirty Medicine Biochemistry - Uploaded 2019-07-18
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Website 34 (r): DBriers
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Website 35 (s): SNC1D - BIOLOGY LESSON PLAN BLOG
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Website 12 (c,t): ThoughtCo - extender01 / iStock / Getty Images Plus
Website 22 (h,t): researchtweet
Website 36 (t): dreamstime
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Website 37 (u): hyperphysics
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Website 9 (a’,b,v): Khan Academy
Website 10 (a’,b,v): Saylor Academy
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Website 11 (b,c,n,w,β): expii - Whitney, Rolfes 2002
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Website 38 (x): UrbanPro
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Website 39 (y): Quizlet
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Website 40 (z): unm.edu
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Website 41 (α): YouTube sciencemusicvideos - Uploaded 2014-08-19
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Website 11 (b,c,n,w,β): expii expii - Image source: By Gabi Slizewska
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Website 42 (γ): BiochemDen.com
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Website 43 (δ): hopes, Huntington’s outreach project for education, at Stanford
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Website 44 (ε): [ https://www.studocu.com/en-gb/document/university-college-london/mammalian-physiology/electron-transport-chain/38063777 studocu, University College London]
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Website 45 (ζ): ScienceDirect
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Website 46 (η): BBC BITESIZE cK-12
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Website 47 (θ): freepik
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Website 48 (ι): - LibreTexts Chemistry - The Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport – Fig. 12.4.3
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xx Stillway L William (2017) CHAPTER 9 Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism. In: Medical Biochemistry



from FAO and CII ambiguitiy to CII as a H+ in websites

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xx CHM333 LECTURES 37 & 38: 4/27 – 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna


(retrieved 2023-03-21 to 2023-05-02)
Website 49: Conduct Science: "In Complex II, the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in the inner mitochondrial membrane reduce FADH2 to FAD+. Simultaneously, succinate, an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, is oxidized to fumarate." - Comments: FAD does not have a postive charge. FADH2 is the reduced form, it is not reduced. And again: In CII, FAD is reduced to FADH2.
Website 50: The Medical Biochemistry Page: ‘In addition to transferring electrons from the FADH2 generated by SDH, complex II also accepts electrons from the FADH2 generated during fatty acid oxidation via the fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and from mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2) of the glycerol phosphate shuttle’ (Figure 8d).
Website 51: CHM333 LECTURES 37 & 38: 4/27 – 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna: Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is listed under 'Electron transfer in Complex II'.


Expii-Gabi Slizewska CORRECTION.png
xx: expii expii - Image source: By Gabi Slizewska: ‘FADH2 from glycolysis and Krebs cycle is oxidized to FAD by Complex II. It also releases H+ ions into the intermembrane space and passes off electrons’ (retrieved 2023-05-04).
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xx: BioNinja (retrieved 2023-05-04).


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Click to expand or collaps
Bioblast links: Substrates and cofactors - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>
Substrate
» Substrate
» Product
» Substrates as electron donors
» Cellular substrates
» MitoPedia: Substrates and metabolites
» Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration
Cofactor
» Cofactor
» Coenzyme, cosubstrate
» Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
» Coenzyme Q2
» Prosthetic group
» Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Referennces
» Gnaiger E (2023) Complex II ambiguities ― FADH2 in the electron transfer system. MitoFit Preprints 2023.3.v6. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2023-0003.v6



Labels: MiParea: Patients, mt-Awareness 



Enzyme: Complex II;succinate dehydrogenase 



Ambiguity crisis, FAT4BRAIN, Publication:FAT4BRAIN 

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