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From Bioblast
| Term | Abbreviation | Description |
|---|---|---|
| % | % | The symbol % indicates 'per cent' (per hundred). {Quote} The internationally recognized symbol % (per cent) may be used with the SI. When it is used, a space separates the number and the symbol %. {end of Quote}. |
| 1OctM;2D;3PG;4S;5U;6Rot- | FNS(Oct,PGM) |  |
| 1PGM;2D;3S;4Rot;5U- | NS(PGM) |  |
| 1PGM;2D;3U;4S;5Rot- | NS(PGM) |  |
| 1PM;2D;3G;4U;5S;6Rot- | NS(PGM) |  |
| 2-Deoxyglucose | 2-DG | 2-Deoxyglucose, also known as 2-deoxy-D-glucose is a glucose derivative that has the 2-hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen. It competitively inhibits glycolysis by blocking hexokinase and phosphohexoseisomerase. |
| 2-Hydroxyglutarate | 2HG | Reduction of oxoglutarate (2OG or alpha-ketoglutarate) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is driven by NADPH. 2HG is also formed in side reactions of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Millimolar 2HG concentrations are found in some cancer cells compared to , whereas side activities of lactate and malate dehydrogenase form submillimolar s-2-hydroxyglutarate (s-2HG). However, even wild-type IDH1 and IDH2, notably under shifts toward reductive carboxylation glutaminolysis or changes in other enzymes, lead to “intermediate” 0.01–0.1 mM 2HG levels, for example, in breast carcinoma compared with nanomolar concentrations in benign cells. 2HG is considered an important player in reprogramming metabolism of cancer cells. |
| 2-mercaptoacetate | 2-mercaptoacetate is an inhibitor of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, MCAD, the rate-limiting enzyme of octanoylcarnitine oxidation. 2-mercaptoacetate has been used as an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation (F-pathway control state). In permeabilized rat soleus muscle fibers, pre-incubation with 1 mM 2-mercaptoacetate for 45 min resulted in 58% inhibition of MCAD and decreased octanoylcarnitine&malate stimulated respiration by approximately 60% (Osiki 2016 FASEB J). | |
| 3-Mercaptopropionic acid | MPA | 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) inhibits long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs). |
| ADP | D | Adenosine diphosphate is a nucleotide. In OXPHOS core metabolism, ADP is a substrate of ANT and ATP synthase in the phosphorylation system. ADP is the discharged or low-energy counterpart of ATP. ADP can accept chemical energy by regaining a phosphate group to become ATP, in substrate-level phosphorylation (in anaerobic catabolism), at the expense of solar energy (in photosynthetic cells) or chemiosmotic energy (respiration in heterotrophic cells). ADP is added to mitochondrial preparations at kinetically saturating concentrations to induce the active state for evaluation of OXPHOS capacity. |
| AMPK | AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase is a regulatory protein which acts as crucial cellular energy sensor by sensing AMP, ADP and/or Ca2+ levels in response to metabolic stresses or drug administration. |
| ASAPbio | Science only progresses as quickly and efficiently as it is shared. But even with all of the technological capabilities available today, the process of publishing scientific work is taking longer than ever. ASAPbio (Accelerating Science and Publication in biology) is a scientist-driven nonprofit working to address this problem by promoting innovation and transparency in life sciences communication. In 2015, ASAPbio founder Ron Vale published an analysis of the increasing time to first-author publication among graduate students at UCSF, and proposed a more widespread use of preprints in the life sciences as a potential solution. | |
| ATP | T | Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotid and functions as the major carrier of chemical energy in the cells. As it transfers its energy to other molecules, it looses its terminal phosphate group and becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |
| ATP synthase | CV | ATP synthase or F-ATPase (F1FO-ATPase; the use of Complex V is discouraged) catalyzes the endergonic phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in an over-all exergonic process that is driven by proton translocation along the protonmotive force. The ATP synthase can be inhibited by oligomycin. |
| ATPases | ATPases are enzymes that hydrolyse ATP, releasing ADP and inorganic phosphate. The contamination of isolated mitochondria with ATPases from other organelles and endogenous adenylates can lead to the production of ADP, which can stimulate respiration. This situation would lead to an overestimation of LEAK respiration measured in the absence of ADP, L(n) and subsequent inhibition of respiration by oligomycin, L(Omy). | |
| Abscissa | x | The abscissa is the horizontal axis x of a rectangular two-dimensional graph with the ordinate y as the vertical axis. Values X are placed horizontally from the origin. |
| Absorbance | A | Also known as attenuation or extinction, absorbance (A) is a measure of the difference between the incident light intensity (I0) and the intensity of light emerging from a sample (I). It is defined as: A = log (I0/I) |
| Absorbance spectrum | When light enters a sample, the amount of light that it absorbs is dependent upon the wavelength of the incident light. The absorbance spectrum is the curve derived by plotting the measured absorbance against the wavelength of the light emerging from the sample over a given wavelength range. An absorbance spectrum may be characterised by peaks and troughs (absorbance maxima and minima) that can be used to identify, and sometimes quantify, different absorbing substances present in a sample. | |
| Absorption | Abs | When light enters a sample and emerges with an intensity (I), absorption (Abs) is the fraction of the light absorbed by the sample compared with the incident light intensity (I0): Abs = 1-I/I0. Absorption can also be expressed as Abs = 1-T, where T is the transmittance. |
| Absorption spectrum | An absorption spectrum is similar to an absorbance spectrum of a sample, but plotted as a function of absorption against wavelength. |
